Don't return reference on copy assignment operators

We prefer to prevent using chained assignment (`T a = b = c = T();`) as this
can lead to confusing code and subtle bugs.

According to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assignment_operator_(C%2B%2B), C++
allows any arbitrary return type, so this is standard compliant.

This could be re-assessed if/when we have an actual need for a behavior more
akin to that of the C++ STL, for now this PR simply changes a handful of
cases which were inconsistent with the rest of the codebase (`void` return
type was already the most common case prior to this commit).

core/math/audio_frame.h

@@ -124,10 +124,9 @@ struct AudioFrame {
 		r = p_frame.r;
 	}
 
-	_ALWAYS_INLINE_ AudioFrame &operator=(const AudioFrame &p_frame) {
+	_ALWAYS_INLINE_ void operator=(const AudioFrame &p_frame) {
 		l = p_frame.l;
 		r = p_frame.r;
-		return *this;
 	}
 
 	_ALWAYS_INLINE_ operator Vector2() const {

core/math/quaternion.h

@@ -134,12 +134,11 @@ public:
 			w(p_q.w) {
 	}
 
-	Quaternion &operator=(const Quaternion &p_q) {
+	void operator=(const Quaternion &p_q) {
 		x = p_q.x;
 		y = p_q.y;
 		z = p_q.z;
 		w = p_q.w;
-		return *this;
 	}
 
 	Quaternion(const Vector3 &v0, const Vector3 &v1) // shortest arc

core/string/ustring.cpp

@@ -130,9 +130,8 @@ Char16String &Char16String::operator+=(char16_t p_char) {
 	return *this;
 }
 
-Char16String &Char16String::operator=(const char16_t *p_cstr) {
+void Char16String::operator=(const char16_t *p_cstr) {
 	copy_from(p_cstr);
-	return *this;
 }
 
 const char16_t *Char16String::get_data() const {
@@ -186,9 +185,8 @@ CharString &CharString::operator+=(char p_char) {
 	return *this;
 }
 
-CharString &CharString::operator=(const char *p_cstr) {
+void CharString::operator=(const char *p_cstr) {
 	copy_from(p_cstr);
-	return *this;
 }
 
 const char *CharString::get_data() const {

core/string/ustring.h

@@ -108,13 +108,10 @@ public:
 
 	_FORCE_INLINE_ Char16String() {}
 	_FORCE_INLINE_ Char16String(const Char16String &p_str) { _cowdata._ref(p_str._cowdata); }
-	_FORCE_INLINE_ Char16String &operator=(const Char16String &p_str) {
+	_FORCE_INLINE_ void operator=(const Char16String &p_str) { _cowdata._ref(p_str._cowdata); }
-		_cowdata._ref(p_str._cowdata);
-		return *this;
-	}
 	_FORCE_INLINE_ Char16String(const char16_t *p_cstr) { copy_from(p_cstr); }
 
-	Char16String &operator=(const char16_t *p_cstr);
+	void operator=(const char16_t *p_cstr);
 	bool operator<(const Char16String &p_right) const;
 	Char16String &operator+=(char16_t p_char);
 	int length() const { return size() ? size() - 1 : 0; }
@@ -152,13 +149,10 @@ public:
 
 	_FORCE_INLINE_ CharString() {}
 	_FORCE_INLINE_ CharString(const CharString &p_str) { _cowdata._ref(p_str._cowdata); }
-	_FORCE_INLINE_ CharString &operator=(const CharString &p_str) {
+	_FORCE_INLINE_ void operator=(const CharString &p_str) { _cowdata._ref(p_str._cowdata); }
-		_cowdata._ref(p_str._cowdata);
-		return *this;
-	}
 	_FORCE_INLINE_ CharString(const char *p_cstr) { copy_from(p_cstr); }
 
-	CharString &operator=(const char *p_cstr);
+	void operator=(const char *p_cstr);
 	bool operator<(const CharString &p_right) const;
 	CharString &operator+=(char p_char);
 	int length() const { return size() ? size() - 1 : 0; }
@@ -442,11 +436,7 @@ public:
 
 	_FORCE_INLINE_ String() {}
 	_FORCE_INLINE_ String(const String &p_str) { _cowdata._ref(p_str._cowdata); }
-
+	_FORCE_INLINE_ void operator=(const String &p_str) { _cowdata._ref(p_str._cowdata); }
-	String &operator=(const String &p_str) {
-		_cowdata._ref(p_str._cowdata);
-		return *this;
-	}
 
 	Vector<uint8_t> to_ascii_buffer() const;
 	Vector<uint8_t> to_utf8_buffer() const;

core/templates/local_vector.h

@@ -234,19 +234,17 @@ public:
 			data[i] = p_from.data[i];
 		}
 	}
-	inline LocalVector &operator=(const LocalVector &p_from) {
+	inline void operator=(const LocalVector &p_from) {
 		resize(p_from.size());
 		for (U i = 0; i < p_from.count; i++) {
 			data[i] = p_from.data[i];
 		}
-		return *this;
 	}
-	inline LocalVector &operator=(const Vector<T> &p_from) {
+	inline void operator=(const Vector<T> &p_from) {
 		resize(p_from.size());
 		for (U i = 0; i < count; i++) {
 			data[i] = p_from[i];
 		}
-		return *this;
 	}
 
 	_FORCE_INLINE_ ~LocalVector() {

core/templates/oa_hash_map.h

@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ public:
 		(*this) = p_other;
 	}
 
-	OAHashMap &operator=(const OAHashMap &p_other) {
+	void operator=(const OAHashMap &p_other) {
 		if (capacity != 0) {
 			clear();
 		}
@@ -363,7 +363,6 @@ public:
 		for (Iterator it = p_other.iter(); it.valid; it = p_other.next_iter(it)) {
 			set(*it.key, *it.value);
 		}
-		return *this;
 	}
 
 	OAHashMap(uint32_t p_initial_capacity = 64) {

core/templates/ordered_hash_map.h

@@ -85,11 +85,10 @@ public:
 				next_element(other.next_element) {
 		}
 
-		Element &operator=(const Element &other) {
+		void operator=(const Element &other) {
 			list_element = other.list_element;
 			next_element = other.next_element;
 			prev_element = other.prev_element;
-			return *this;
 		}
 
 		_FORCE_INLINE_ bool operator==(const Element &p_other) const {
@@ -145,9 +144,8 @@ public:
 				list_element(other.list_element) {
 		}
 
-		ConstElement &operator=(const ConstElement &other) {
+		void operator=(const ConstElement &other) {
 			list_element = other.list_element;
-			return *this;
 		}
 
 		ConstElement next() const {

core/templates/vector.h

@@ -132,9 +132,8 @@ public:
 		insert(i, p_val);
 	}
 
-	inline Vector &operator=(const Vector &p_from) {
+	inline void operator=(const Vector &p_from) {
 		_cowdata._ref(p_from._cowdata);
-		return *this;
 	}
 
 	Vector<uint8_t> to_byte_array() const {

core/templates/vmap.h

@@ -193,9 +193,8 @@ public:
 	_FORCE_INLINE_ VMap() {}
 	_FORCE_INLINE_ VMap(const VMap &p_from) { _cowdata._ref(p_from._cowdata); }
 
-	inline VMap &operator=(const VMap &p_from) {
+	inline void operator=(const VMap &p_from) {
 		_cowdata._ref(p_from._cowdata);
-		return *this;
 	}
 };
 

editor/audio_stream_preview.h

@@ -66,14 +66,13 @@ class AudioStreamPreviewGenerator : public Node {
 		Thread *thread = nullptr;
 
 		// Needed for the bookkeeping of the Map
-		Preview &operator=(const Preview &p_rhs) {
+		void operator=(const Preview &p_rhs) {
 			preview = p_rhs.preview;
 			base_stream = p_rhs.base_stream;
 			playback = p_rhs.playback;
 			generating.set_to(generating.is_set());
 			id = p_rhs.id;
 			thread = p_rhs.thread;
-			return *this;
 		}
 		Preview(const Preview &p_rhs) {
 			preview = p_rhs.preview;

editor/debugger/debug_adapter/debug_adapter_protocol.cpp

@@ -192,10 +192,12 @@ int DebugAdapterProtocol::parse_variant(const Variant &p_var) {
 		case Variant::VECTOR2I: {
 			int id = variable_id++;
 			Vector2 vec = p_var;
+			const String type_scalar = Variant::get_type_name(p_var.get_type() == Variant::VECTOR2 ? Variant::FLOAT : Variant::INT);
 			DAP::Variable x, y;
 			x.name = "x";
 			y.name = "y";
-			x.type = y.type = Variant::get_type_name(p_var.get_type() == Variant::VECTOR2 ? Variant::FLOAT : Variant::INT);
+			x.type = type_scalar;
+			y.type = type_scalar;
 			x.value = rtos(vec.x);
 			y.value = rtos(vec.y);
 
@@ -209,12 +211,16 @@ int DebugAdapterProtocol::parse_variant(const Variant &p_var) {
 		case Variant::RECT2I: {
 			int id = variable_id++;
 			Rect2 rect = p_var;
+			const String type_scalar = Variant::get_type_name(p_var.get_type() == Variant::RECT2 ? Variant::FLOAT : Variant::INT);
 			DAP::Variable x, y, w, h;
 			x.name = "x";
 			y.name = "y";
 			w.name = "w";
 			h.name = "h";
-			x.type = y.type = w.type = h.type = Variant::get_type_name(p_var.get_type() == Variant::RECT2 ? Variant::FLOAT : Variant::INT);
+			x.type = type_scalar;
+			y.type = type_scalar;
+			w.type = type_scalar;
+			h.type = type_scalar;
 			x.value = rtos(rect.position.x);
 			y.value = rtos(rect.position.y);
 			w.value = rtos(rect.size.x);
@@ -232,11 +238,14 @@ int DebugAdapterProtocol::parse_variant(const Variant &p_var) {
 		case Variant::VECTOR3I: {
 			int id = variable_id++;
 			Vector3 vec = p_var;
+			const String type_scalar = Variant::get_type_name(p_var.get_type() == Variant::VECTOR3 ? Variant::FLOAT : Variant::INT);
 			DAP::Variable x, y, z;
 			x.name = "x";
 			y.name = "y";
 			z.name = "z";
-			x.type = y.type = z.type = Variant::get_type_name(p_var.get_type() == Variant::VECTOR3 ? Variant::FLOAT : Variant::INT);
+			x.type = type_scalar;
+			y.type = type_scalar;
+			z.type = type_scalar;
 			x.value = rtos(vec.x);
 			y.value = rtos(vec.y);
 			z.value = rtos(vec.z);
@@ -251,11 +260,14 @@ int DebugAdapterProtocol::parse_variant(const Variant &p_var) {
 		case Variant::TRANSFORM2D: {
 			int id = variable_id++;
 			Transform2D transform = p_var;
+			const String type_vec2 = Variant::get_type_name(Variant::VECTOR2);
 			DAP::Variable x, y, origin;
 			x.name = "x";
 			y.name = "y";
 			origin.name = "origin";
-			x.type = y.type = origin.type = Variant::get_type_name(Variant::VECTOR2);
+			x.type = type_vec2;
+			y.type = type_vec2;
+			origin.type = type_vec2;
 			x.value = transform.elements[0];
 			y.value = transform.elements[1];
 			origin.value = transform.elements[2];
@@ -291,12 +303,16 @@ int DebugAdapterProtocol::parse_variant(const Variant &p_var) {
 		case Variant::QUATERNION: {
 			int id = variable_id++;
 			Quaternion quat = p_var;
+			const String type_float = Variant::get_type_name(Variant::FLOAT);
 			DAP::Variable x, y, z, w;
 			x.name = "x";
 			y.name = "y";
 			z.name = "z";
 			w.name = "w";
-			x.type = y.type = z.type = w.type = Variant::get_type_name(Variant::FLOAT);
+			x.type = type_float;
+			y.type = type_float;
+			z.type = type_float;
+			w.type = type_float;
 			x.value = rtos(quat.x);
 			y.value = rtos(quat.y);
 			z.value = rtos(quat.z);
@@ -313,10 +329,12 @@ int DebugAdapterProtocol::parse_variant(const Variant &p_var) {
 		case Variant::AABB: {
 			int id = variable_id++;
 			AABB aabb = p_var;
+			const String type_vec3 = Variant::get_type_name(Variant::VECTOR3);
 			DAP::Variable position, size;
 			position.name = "position";
 			size.name = "size";
-			position.type = size.type = Variant::get_type_name(Variant::VECTOR3);
+			position.type = type_vec3;
+			size.type = type_vec3;
 			position.value = aabb.position;
 			size.value = aabb.size;
 			position.variablesReference = parse_variant(aabb.position);
@@ -331,11 +349,14 @@ int DebugAdapterProtocol::parse_variant(const Variant &p_var) {
 		case Variant::BASIS: {
 			int id = variable_id++;
 			Basis basis = p_var;
+			const String type_vec2 = Variant::get_type_name(Variant::VECTOR2);
 			DAP::Variable x, y, z;
 			x.name = "x";
 			y.name = "y";
 			z.name = "z";
-			x.type = y.type = z.type = Variant::get_type_name(Variant::VECTOR2);
+			x.type = type_vec2;
+			y.type = type_vec2;
+			z.type = type_vec2;
 			x.value = basis.elements[0];
 			y.value = basis.elements[1];
 			z.value = basis.elements[2];
@@ -372,12 +393,16 @@ int DebugAdapterProtocol::parse_variant(const Variant &p_var) {
 		case Variant::COLOR: {
 			int id = variable_id++;
 			Color color = p_var;
+			const String type_float = Variant::get_type_name(Variant::FLOAT);
 			DAP::Variable r, g, b, a;
 			r.name = "r";
 			g.name = "g";
 			b.name = "b";
 			a.name = "a";
-			r.type = g.type = b.type = a.type = Variant::get_type_name(Variant::FLOAT);
+			r.type = type_float;
+			g.type = type_float;
+			b.type = type_float;
+			a.type = type_float;
 			r.value = rtos(color.r);
 			g.value = rtos(color.g);
 			b.value = rtos(color.b);

editor/editor_audio_buses.h

@@ -230,11 +230,10 @@ private:
 			render_db_value = n.render_db_value;
 		}
 
-		_FORCE_INLINE_ AudioNotch &operator=(const EditorAudioMeterNotches::AudioNotch &n) {
+		_FORCE_INLINE_ void operator=(const EditorAudioMeterNotches::AudioNotch &n) {
 			relative_position = n.relative_position;
 			db_value = n.db_value;
 			render_db_value = n.render_db_value;
-			return *this;
 		}
 
 		_FORCE_INLINE_ AudioNotch() {}

editor/editor_export.cpp

@@ -488,8 +488,8 @@ void EditorExportPlatform::_edit_files_with_filter(DirAccess *da, const Vector<S
 	String cur_dir_no_prefix = cur_dir.replace("res://", "");
 
 	Vector<String> dirs;
-	String f;
+	String f = da->get_next();
-	while ((f = da->get_next()) != "") {
+	while (!f.is_empty()) {
 		if (da->current_is_dir()) {
 			dirs.push_back(f);
 		} else {
@@ -506,6 +506,7 @@ void EditorExportPlatform::_edit_files_with_filter(DirAccess *da, const Vector<S
 				}
 			}
 		}
+		f = da->get_next();
 	}
 
 	da->list_dir_end();

editor/editor_file_dialog.cpp

@@ -761,10 +761,11 @@ void EditorFileDialog::update_file_list() {
 	List<String> files;
 	List<String> dirs;
 
-	String item;
+	String item = dir_access->get_next();
 
-	while ((item = dir_access->get_next()) != "") {
+	while (!item.is_empty()) {
 		if (item == "." || item == "..") {
+			item = dir_access->get_next();
 			continue;
 		}
 
@@ -775,6 +776,7 @@ void EditorFileDialog::update_file_list() {
 				dirs.push_back(item);
 			}
 		}
+		item = dir_access->get_next();
 	}
 
 	dirs.sort_custom<NaturalNoCaseComparator>();

modules/gdscript/gdscript_function.h

@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ public:
 
 	GDScriptDataType() = default;
 
-	GDScriptDataType &operator=(const GDScriptDataType &p_other) {
+	void operator=(const GDScriptDataType &p_other) {
 		kind = p_other.kind;
 		has_type = p_other.has_type;
 		builtin_type = p_other.builtin_type;
@@ -203,7 +203,6 @@ public:
 		if (p_other.has_container_element_type()) {
 			set_container_element_type(p_other.get_container_element_type());
 		}
-		return *this;
 	}
 
 	GDScriptDataType(const GDScriptDataType &p_other) {

modules/gdscript/gdscript_parser.h

@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ public:
 			return !(this->operator==(p_other));
 		}
 
-		DataType &operator=(const DataType &p_other) {
+		void operator=(const DataType &p_other) {
 			kind = p_other.kind;
 			type_source = p_other.type_source;
 			is_constant = p_other.is_constant;
@@ -221,7 +221,6 @@ public:
 			if (p_other.has_container_element_type()) {
 				set_container_element_type(p_other.get_container_element_type());
 			}
-			return *this;
 		}
 
 		DataType() = default;

modules/mono/editor/bindings_generator.h

@@ -598,7 +598,7 @@ class BindingsGenerator {
 
 	private:
 		NameCache(const NameCache &);
-		NameCache &operator=(const NameCache &);
+		void operator=(const NameCache &);
 	};
 
 	NameCache name_cache;

modules/mono/godotsharp_dirs.cpp

@@ -229,9 +229,6 @@ private:
 #endif
 	}
 
-	_GodotSharpDirs(const _GodotSharpDirs &);
-	_GodotSharpDirs &operator=(const _GodotSharpDirs &);
-
 public:
 	static _GodotSharpDirs &get_singleton() {
 		static _GodotSharpDirs singleton;

modules/mono/mono_gc_handle.h

@@ -56,13 +56,12 @@ struct MonoGCHandleData {
 
 	void release();
 
-	MonoGCHandleData &operator=(const MonoGCHandleData &p_other) {
+	void operator=(const MonoGCHandleData &p_other) {
 #ifdef DEBUG_ENABLED
 		CRASH_COND(!is_released());
 #endif
 		handle = p_other.handle;
 		type = p_other.type;
-		return *this;
 	}
 
 	MonoGCHandleData(const MonoGCHandleData &) = default;

modules/mono/mono_gd/gd_mono_log.cpp

@@ -121,12 +121,10 @@ void GDMonoLog::_delete_old_log_files(const String &p_logs_dir) {
 
 	ERR_FAIL_COND(da->list_dir_begin() != OK);
 
-	String current;
+	String current = da->get_next();
-	while ((current = da->get_next()).length()) {
+	while (!current.is_empty()) {
-		if (da->current_is_dir()) {
+		if (da->current_is_dir() || !current.ends_with(".txt")) {
-			continue;
+			current = da->get_next();
-		}
-		if (!current.ends_with(".txt")) {
 			continue;
 		}
 
@@ -135,6 +133,7 @@ void GDMonoLog::_delete_old_log_files(const String &p_logs_dir) {
 		if (OS::get_singleton()->get_unix_time() - modified_time > MAX_SECS) {
 			da->remove(current);
 		}
+		current = da->get_next();
 	}
 
 	da->list_dir_end();

platform/iphone/export/export_plugin.cpp

@@ -728,10 +728,10 @@ Error EditorExportPlatformIOS::_export_loading_screen_images(const Ref<EditorExp
 
 Error EditorExportPlatformIOS::_walk_dir_recursive(DirAccess *p_da, FileHandler p_handler, void *p_userdata) {
 	Vector<String> dirs;
-	String path;
 	String current_dir = p_da->get_current_dir();
 	p_da->list_dir_begin();
-	while ((path = p_da->get_next()).length() != 0) {
+	String path = p_da->get_next();
+	while (!path.is_empty()) {
 		if (p_da->current_is_dir()) {
 			if (path != "." && path != "..") {
 				dirs.push_back(path);
@@ -743,6 +743,7 @@ Error EditorExportPlatformIOS::_walk_dir_recursive(DirAccess *p_da, FileHandler
 				return err;
 			}
 		}
+		path = p_da->get_next();
 	}
 	p_da->list_dir_end();
 

platform/osx/export/export_plugin.cpp

@@ -960,9 +960,10 @@ void EditorExportPlatformOSX::_zip_folder_recursive(zipFile &p_zip, const String
 
 	DirAccessRef da = DirAccess::open(dir);
 	da->list_dir_begin();
-	String f;
+	String f = da->get_next();
-	while ((f = da->get_next()) != "") {
+	while (!f.is_empty()) {
 		if (f == "." || f == "..") {
+			f = da->get_next();
 			continue;
 		}
 		if (da->is_link(f)) {
@@ -1065,6 +1066,7 @@ void EditorExportPlatformOSX::_zip_folder_recursive(zipFile &p_zip, const String
 
 			zipCloseFileInZip(p_zip);
 		}
+		f = da->get_next();
 	}
 	da->list_dir_end();
 }

scene/3d/soft_dynamic_body_3d.cpp

@@ -100,12 +100,11 @@ SoftDynamicBody3D::PinnedPoint::PinnedPoint(const PinnedPoint &obj_tocopy) {
 	offset = obj_tocopy.offset;
 }
 
-SoftDynamicBody3D::PinnedPoint &SoftDynamicBody3D::PinnedPoint::operator=(const PinnedPoint &obj) {
+void SoftDynamicBody3D::PinnedPoint::operator=(const PinnedPoint &obj) {
 	point_index = obj.point_index;
 	spatial_attachment_path = obj.spatial_attachment_path;
 	spatial_attachment = obj.spatial_attachment;
 	offset = obj.offset;
-	return *this;
 }
 
 void SoftDynamicBody3D::_update_pickable() {

scene/3d/soft_dynamic_body_3d.h

@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ public:
 
 		PinnedPoint();
 		PinnedPoint(const PinnedPoint &obj_tocopy);
-		PinnedPoint &operator=(const PinnedPoint &obj);
+		void operator=(const PinnedPoint &obj);
 	};
 
 private:

scene/gui/file_dialog.cpp

@@ -473,6 +473,13 @@ void FileDialog::update_file_list() {
 
 	dir_access->list_dir_begin();
 
+	if (dir_access->is_readable(dir_access->get_current_dir().utf8().get_data())) {
+		message->hide();
+	} else {
+		message->set_text(TTRC("You don't have permission to access contents of this folder."));
+		message->show();
+	}
+
 	TreeItem *root = tree->create_item();
 	Ref<Texture2D> folder = vbox->get_theme_icon(SNAME("folder"), SNAME("FileDialog"));
 	Ref<Texture2D> file_icon = vbox->get_theme_icon(SNAME("file"), SNAME("FileDialog"));
@@ -482,17 +489,11 @@ void FileDialog::update_file_list() {
 	List<String> dirs;
 
 	bool is_hidden;
-	String item;
+	String item = dir_access->get_next();
 
-	if (dir_access->is_readable(dir_access->get_current_dir().utf8().get_data())) {
+	while (!item.is_empty()) {
-		message->hide();
-	} else {
-		message->set_text(TTRC("You don't have permission to access contents of this folder."));
-		message->show();
-	}
-
-	while ((item = dir_access->get_next()) != "") {
 		if (item == "." || item == "..") {
+			item = dir_access->get_next();
 			continue;
 		}
 
@@ -505,6 +506,7 @@ void FileDialog::update_file_list() {
 				dirs.push_back(item);
 			}
 		}
+		item = dir_access->get_next();
 	}
 
 	dirs.sort_custom<NaturalNoCaseComparator>();

servers/physics_server_2d.h

@@ -758,10 +758,9 @@ class PhysicsServer2DManager {
 				name(p_ci.name),
 				create_callback(p_ci.create_callback) {}
 
-		ClassInfo &operator=(const ClassInfo &p_ci) {
+		void operator=(const ClassInfo &p_ci) {
 			name = p_ci.name;
 			create_callback = p_ci.create_callback;
-			return *this;
 		}
 	};
 

servers/physics_server_3d.h

@@ -965,10 +965,9 @@ class PhysicsServer3DManager {
 				name(p_ci.name),
 				create_callback(p_ci.create_callback) {}
 
-		ClassInfo &operator=(const ClassInfo &p_ci) {
+		void operator=(const ClassInfo &p_ci) {
 			name = p_ci.name;
 			create_callback = p_ci.create_callback;
-			return *this;
 		}
 	};
 

tests/core/templates/test_oa_hash_map.cpp

@@ -55,7 +55,10 @@ struct CountedItem {
 		count++;
 	}
 
-	CountedItem &operator=(const CountedItem &p_other) = default;
+	void operator=(const CountedItem &p_other) {
+		id = p_other.id;
+		count++;
+	}
 
 	~CountedItem() {
 		CRASH_COND(destroyed);