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38
site/guide/5-responses.md
View File

@ -421,6 +421,44 @@ how to detect and handle graceful shutdown requests.
[`EventStream`]: @api/rocket/response/stream/struct.EventStream.html
[`chat` example]: @example/chat
### WebSockets
Enabled by Rocket's support for [HTTP connection upgrades], the official
[`rocket_ws`] crate implements first-class support for WebSockets. Working with
`rocket_ws` to implement an echo server looks like this:
```rust
# use rocket::get;
use rocket_ws::{WebSocket, Stream};
#[get("/echo")]
fn echo_compose(ws: WebSocket) -> Stream!['static] {
ws.stream(|io| io)
}
```
As with `async` streams, `rocket_ws` also supports using generator syntax for
WebSocket messages:
```rust
# use rocket::get;
use rocket_ws::{WebSocket, Stream};
#[get("/echo")]
fn echo_stream(ws: WebSocket) -> Stream!['static] {
Stream! { ws =>
for await message in ws {
yield message?;
}
}
}
```
For complete usage details, see the [`rocket_ws`] documentation.
[HTTP connection upgrades]: @api-v0.5/rocket/response/struct.Response.html#upgrading
[`rocket_ws`]: @api-v0.5/rocket_ws
### JSON
The [`Json`] responder in allows you to easily respond with well-formed JSON

265
site/index.toml
View File

@ -12,14 +12,14 @@ date = "Nov 17, 2023"
[[top_features]]
title = "Type Safe"
text = "From request to response Rocket ensures that your types mean something."
text = "Type safety turned up to 11 means security and robustness come at compile-time."
image = "helmet"
button = "Learn More"
url = "overview/#how-rocket-works"
[[top_features]]
title = "Boilerplate Free"
text = "Spend your time writing code that really matters, and let Rocket generate the rest."
text = "Spend your time writing code that really matters and let Rocket handle the rest."
image = "robot-free"
button = "See Examples"
url = "overview/#anatomy-of-a-rocket-application"
@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ text = '''
<span class="callout">Hello, 58 year old named John!</span>
If someone visits a path with an `<age>` that isn’t a `u8`, Rocket doesn’t
blindly call `hello`. Instead, it tries other matching routes or returns a
just call `hello`. Instead, it tries other matching routes or returns a
**404**.
'''
@ -91,14 +91,14 @@ text = '''
`data` parameter to a `Form` type. Rocket automatically **parses and
validates** the form data into your structure and calls your function.
File uploads? A breeze with [`TempFile`](@api/rocket/fs/enum.TempFile.html).
Bad form request? Rocket doesn’t call your function! Need to know what went
wrong? Use a `data` parameter of `Result`! Want to rerender the form with user
input and errors? Use [`Context`](guide/requests/#context)! File uploads? A
breeze with [`TempFile`](@api/rocket/fs/enum.TempFile.html).
input and errors? Use [`Context`](guide/requests/#context)!
'''
[[sections]]
title = "JSON, out of the box."
title = "JSON, always on."
code = '''
#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
struct Message<'r> {
@ -145,11 +145,11 @@ text = "View, add, or remove cookies, with or without encryption, without hassle
image = 'cookies-icon'
url = 'guide/requests/#cookies'
button = 'Learn More'
color = 'purple'
color = 'fucsia'
margin = -6
[[bottom_features]]
title = 'Async Streams'
title = 'WebSockets + Streams'
text = "Create and return potentially infinite async streams of data with ease."
image = 'streams-icon'
url = 'guide/responses/#async-streams'
@ -167,35 +167,240 @@ color = 'yellow'
margin = -3
[[bottom_features]]
title = 'Testing Library'
text = "Unit test your applications with ease using the built-in testing library."
image = 'testing-icon'
url = 'guide/testing#testing'
title = 'Type-Checked URIs'
text = "Never mistype or forget to update a URI again with Rocket's typed URIs."
image = 'pencil-icon'
url = 'guide/requests/#private-cookies'
button = 'Learn More'
color = 'orange'
height = '60px'
margin = -3
[[bottom_features]]
title = 'Typed URIs'
text = "Rocket typechecks route URIs for you so you never mistype a URI again."
title = 'Structured Middleware'
text = "Fairings are Rocket's simpler approach to structured middleware."
image = 'ship-icon'
url = 'guide/responses/#typed-uris'
url = 'guide/fairings/#fairings'
button = 'Learn More'
color = 'green'
margin = -20
# [[bottom_features]]
# title = 'Query Strings'
# text = "Handling query strings and parameters is type-safe and easy in Rocket."
# image = 'query-icon'
# url = 'guide/requests/#query-strings'
# button = 'Learn More'
# color = 'red'
# margin = -3
[[bottom_features]]
title = 'Database Support'
text = "Store data with ease with Rocket's built-in ORM agnostic database support."
image = 'query-icon'
url = 'guide/state/#databases'
button = 'Learn More'
color = 'pink'
margin = -3
# [[bottom_features]]
# title = 'Private Cookies'
# text = "Safe, secure, private cookies are built-in so your users can stay safe."
# image = 'sessions-icon'
# url = 'guide/requests/#private-cookies'
# button = 'Learn More'
# color = 'purple'
[[bottom_features]]
title = 'Testing'
text = "Unit and integration test using the comprehensive, built-in testing library."
image = 'testing-icon'
url = 'guide/testing#testing'
button = 'Learn More'
color = 'aqua'
[[bottom_features]]
title = 'Community'
text = "Join an extensive community of 20,000+ Rocketeers that love Rocket."
image = 'globe'
url = 'https://github.com/rwf2/Rocket/network/dependents'
button = 'See Dependents'
color = 'purple'
height = '62px'
###############################################################################
# Panels: displayed in a tabbed arrangement.
###############################################################################
[[panels]]
name = "Routing"
checked = true
content = '''
Rocket's main task is to route incoming requests to the appropriate request
handler using your application's declared routes. Routes are declared using
Rocket's _route_ attributes. The attribute describes the requests that match the
route. The attribute is placed on top of a function that is the request handler
for that route.
As an example, consider the simple route below:
```rust
#[get("/")]
fn index() -> &'static str {
"Hello, world!"
}
```
This `index` route matches any incoming HTTP `GET` request to `/`, the index.
The handler returns a `String`. Rocket automatically converts the string into a
well-formed HTTP response that includes the appropriate `Content-Type` and body
encoding metadata.
'''
[[panels]]
name = "Dynamic Params"
content = '''
Rocket automatically parses dynamic data in path segments into any desired type.
To illustrate, let's use the following route:
```rust
#[get("/hello/<name>/<age>")]
fn hello(name: &str, age: u8) -> String {
format!("Hello, {} year old named {}!", age, name)
}
```
This `hello` route has two dynamic parameters, identified with angle brackets,
declared in the route URI: `<name>` and `<age>`. Rocket maps each parameter to
an identically named function argument: `name: &str` and `age: u8`. The dynamic
data in the incoming request is parsed automatically into a value of the
argument's type. The route is called only when parsing succeeds.
Parsing is directed by the
[`FromParam`](@api/rocket/request/trait.FromParam.html) trait. Rocket implements
`FromParam` for many standard types, including both `&str` and `u8`. You can
implement it for your own types, too!
'''
[[panels]]
name = "Handling Data"
content = '''
Rocket can automatically parse body data, too!
```rust
#[post("/login", data = "<login>")]
fn login(login: Form<UserLogin>) -> String {
format!("Hello, {}!", login.name)
}
```
The dynamic parameter declared in the `data` route attribute parameter again
maps to a function argument. Here, `login` maps to `login: Form<UserLogin>`.
Parsing is again trait-directed, this time by the
[`FromData`](@api/rocket/data/trait.FromData.html) trait.
The [`Form`](@api/rocket/form/struct.Form.html) type is Rocket's [robust form
data parser](@guide/requests/#forms). It automatically parses the request body into the internal type,
here `UserLogin`. Other built-in `FromData` types include
[`Data`](@api/rocket/struct.Data.html),
[`Json`](@api/rocket/serde/json/struct.Json.html), and
[`MsgPack`](@api/rocket/serde/msgpack/struct.MsgPack.html). As always, you can
implement `FromData` for your own types, too!
'''
[[panels]]
name = "Request Guards"
content = '''
In addition to dynamic path and data parameters, request handlers can also
contain a third type of parameter: _request guards_. Request guards aren't
declared in the route attribute, and any number of them can appear in the
request handler signature.
Request guards _protect_ the handler from running unless some set of conditions
are met by the incoming request metadata. For instance, if you are writing an
API that requires sensitive calls to be accompanied by an API key in the request
header, Rocket can protect those calls via a custom `ApiKey` request guard:
```rust
#[get("/sensitive")]
fn sensitive(key: ApiKey) { ... }
```
`ApiKey` protects the `sensitive` handler from running incorrectly. In order for
Rocket to call the `sensitive` handler, the `ApiKey` type needs to be derived
through a [`FromRequest`](@api/rocket/request/trait.FromRequest.html)
implementation, which in this case, validates the API key header. Request guards
are a powerful and unique Rocket concept; they centralize application policy and
invariants through types.
'''
[[panels]]
name = "Responders"
content = '''
The return type of a request handler can be any type that implements
[`Responder`](@api/rocket/response/trait.Responder.html):
```rust
#[get("/")]
fn route() -> T { ... }
```
Above, T must implement `Responder`. Rocket implements `Responder` for many of
the standard library types including `&str`, `String`, `File`, `Option`, and
`Result`. Rocket also implements custom responders such as
[`Redirect`](@api/rocket/response/struct.Redirect.html),
[`Flash`](@api/rocket/response/struct.Flash.html), and
[`Template`](@api/rocket_dyn_templates/struct.Template.html).
The task of a `Responder` is to generate a
[`Response`](@api/rocket/response/struct.Response.html), if possible.
`Responder`s can fail with a status code. When they do, Rocket calls the
corresponding error catcher, a `catch` route, which can be declared as follows:
```rust
#[catch(404)]
fn not_found() -> T { ... }
```
'''
[[panels]]
name = "Launching"
content = '''
Finally, we get to launch our application! Rocket begins dispatching requests to
routes after they've been _mounted_ and the application has been _launched_.
These two steps, usually wrtten in a `rocket` function, look like:
```rust
#[launch]
fn rocket() -> _ {
rocket::build().mount("/base", routes![index, another])
}
```
The `mount` call takes a _base_ and a set of routes via the `routes!` macro. The
base path (`/base` above) is prepended to the path of every route in the list,
effectively namespacing the routes. `#[launch]` creates a `main` function that
starts the server. In development, Rocket prints useful information to the
console to let you know everything is okay.
```sh
🚀 Rocket has launched from http://127.0.0.1:8000
```
'''
###############################################################################
# Sponsors
###############################################################################
[sponsors.diamond]
name = "💎 Diamond"
tag = "$500/month"
color = "#addcde"
height = "70px"
[sponsors.gold]
name = "💛 Gold"
tag = "$250/month"
color = "#fffbba"
height = "55px"
[[sponsors.gold.sponsors]]
name = "ohne-makler"
url = "https://www.ohne-makler.net/"
img = "ohne-makler.svg"
[[sponsors.gold.sponsors]]
name = "RWF2: Rocket Web Framework Foundation"
url = "https://rwf2.org"
img = "rwf2.gif"
width = "55px"
height = "55px"
[sponsors.bronze]
name = "🤎 Bronze"
tag = "$50/month"
color = "#c5a587"
height = "30px"

160
site/overview.toml
View File

@ -1,163 +1,3 @@
###############################################################################
# Panels: displayed in a tabbed arrangement.
###############################################################################
[[panels]]
name = "Routing"
checked = true
content = '''
Rocket's main task is to route incoming requests to the appropriate request
handler using your application's declared routes. Routes are declared using
Rocket's _route_ attributes. The attribute describes the requests that match the
route. The attribute is placed on top of a function that is the request handler
for that route.
As an example, consider the simple route below:
```rust
#[get("/")]
fn index() -> &'static str {
"Hello, world!"
}
```
This `index` route matches any incoming HTTP `GET` request to `/`, the index.
The handler returns a `String`. Rocket automatically converts the string into a
well-formed HTTP response that includes the appropriate `Content-Type` and body
encoding metadata.
'''
[[panels]]
name = "Dynamic Params"
content = '''
Rocket automatically parses dynamic data in path segments into any desired type.
To illustrate, let's use the following route:
```rust
#[get("/hello/<name>/<age>")]
fn hello(name: &str, age: u8) -> String {
format!("Hello, {} year old named {}!", age, name)
}
```
This `hello` route has two dynamic parameters, identified with angle brackets,
declared in the route URI: `<name>` and `<age>`. Rocket maps each parameter to
an identically named function argument: `name: &str` and `age: u8`. The dynamic
data in the incoming request is parsed automatically into a value of the
argument's type. The route is called only when parsing succeeds.
Parsing is directed by the
[`FromParam`](@api/rocket/request/trait.FromParam.html) trait. Rocket implements
`FromParam` for many standard types, including both `&str` and `u8`. You can
implement it for your own types, too!
'''
[[panels]]
name = "Handling Data"
content = '''
Rocket can automatically parse body data, too!
```rust
#[post("/login", data = "<login>")]
fn login(login: Form<UserLogin>) -> String {
format!("Hello, {}!", login.name)
}
```
The dynamic parameter declared in the `data` route attribute parameter again
maps to a function argument. Here, `login` maps to `login: Form<UserLogin>`.
Parsing is again trait-directed, this time by the
[`FromData`](@api/rocket/data/trait.FromData.html) trait.
The [`Form`](@api/rocket/form/struct.Form.html) type is Rocket's [robust form
data parser](@guide/requests/#forms). It automatically parses the request body into the internal type,
here `UserLogin`. Other built-in `FromData` types include
[`Data`](@api/rocket/struct.Data.html),
[`Json`](@api/rocket/serde/json/struct.Json.html), and
[`MsgPack`](@api/rocket/serde/msgpack/struct.MsgPack.html). As always, you can
implement `FromData` for your own types, too!
'''
[[panels]]
name = "Request Guards"
content = '''
In addition to dynamic path and data parameters, request handlers can also
contain a third type of parameter: _request guards_. Request guards aren't
declared in the route attribute, and any number of them can appear in the
request handler signature.
Request guards _protect_ the handler from running unless some set of conditions
are met by the incoming request metadata. For instance, if you are writing an
API that requires sensitive calls to be accompanied by an API key in the request
header, Rocket can protect those calls via a custom `ApiKey` request guard:
```rust
#[get("/sensitive")]
fn sensitive(key: ApiKey) { ... }
```
`ApiKey` protects the `sensitive` handler from running incorrectly. In order for
Rocket to call the `sensitive` handler, the `ApiKey` type needs to be derived
through a [`FromRequest`](@api/rocket/request/trait.FromRequest.html)
implementation, which in this case, validates the API key header. Request guards
are a powerful and unique Rocket concept; they centralize application policy and
invariants through types.
'''
[[panels]]
name = "Responders"
content = '''
The return type of a request handler can be any type that implements
[`Responder`](@api/rocket/response/trait.Responder.html):
```rust
#[get("/")]
fn route() -> T { ... }
```
Above, T must implement `Responder`. Rocket implements `Responder` for many of
the standard library types including `&str`, `String`, `File`, `Option`, and
`Result`. Rocket also implements custom responders such as
[`Redirect`](@api/rocket/response/struct.Redirect.html),
[`Flash`](@api/rocket/response/struct.Flash.html), and
[`Template`](@api/rocket_dyn_templates/struct.Template.html).
The task of a `Responder` is to generate a
[`Response`](@api/rocket/response/struct.Response.html), if possible.
`Responder`s can fail with a status code. When they do, Rocket calls the
corresponding error catcher, a `catch` route, which can be declared as follows:
```rust
#[catch(404)]
fn not_found() -> T { ... }
```
'''
[[panels]]
name = "Launching"
content = '''
Finally, we get to launch our application! Rocket begins dispatching requests to
routes after they've been _mounted_ and the application has been _launched_.
These two steps, usually wrtten in a `rocket` function, look like:
```rust
#[launch]
fn rocket() -> _ {
rocket::build().mount("/base", routes![index, another])
}
```
The `mount` call takes a _base_ and a set of routes via the `routes!` macro. The
base path (`/base` above) is prepended to the path of every route in the list,
effectively namespacing the routes. `#[launch]` creates a `main` function that
starts the server. In development, Rocket prints useful information to the
console to let you know everything is okay.
```sh
🚀 Rocket has launched from http://127.0.0.1:8000
```
'''
###############################################################################
# Steps to "How Rocket Works"
###############################################################################