Finalize 'tracing' migration.

This commit complete the migration to 'tracing' for all logging. Below
is a summary of all relevant commits, including this one:

Log improvements:
  - All log (trace) messages are structured which means they contain fields
    that can formatted by any subscriber.
  - Logging can be disabled entirely by disabling the default `trace` feature.
  - Routes and catchers now contain location (file/line) information.
  - Two log format kinds: pretty and compact via ROCKET_LOG_FORMAT
  - Coloring is not disabled globally. Thus applications can color even if
    Rocket is configured not to.
  - Rocket is more conservative about 'warn' and 'error' messages, reserving
    those log levels for messages useful in production.
  - Errors from guards logged by codegen now use the 'Display' implementation of
    those errors when one exists.
  - Secrets are never logged, even when directly asked for.

New features:
  - Many Rocket types know how to trace themselves via a new `Trace` trait.
  - `Either` types can now be used in `uri!()` calls.
  - A `RequestIdLayer` tags all requests with a unique ID.

Breaking changes to configuration:
  - `Config::log_level` is of type `Option<Level>`. `None` disables tracing.
  - `log_level` now uses the traditional log level names: "off", "error",
    "warn", "info", "debug", "trace", or 0-5. This replace the Rocket-specific
    "normal", "debug", "critical".
  - A new option, `log_format`, which is either `compact` or `pretty`,
    determines how Rocket's tracing subscriber log trace messages.

Breaking changes:
  - Hidden `rocket::Either` is now publicly available at `rocket::either::Either`.
  - `rocket::Error` no longer panics when dropped.
  - `main` generated by `#[launch]` returns an `ExitCode`.
  - `FromParam` `Err` now always returns the actual error as opposed to the
    string that failed to parse. To recover the original string, use `Either<T,
    &str>`, where `T: FromParam`, as a parameter guard.
  - Many types that implemented `Display` now instead implement `Trace`.
  - `Error::pretty_print()` was removed. Use `Error::trace()` via `Trace` impl.

Internal improvements:
  - Made more space in CI machines for tasks.
  - Cleaned up testbench code using `inventory`.

Resolves #21.

benchmarks/src/routing.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-use std::collections::hash_set::HashSet;
-
 use criterion::{criterion_group, Criterion};
 
 use rocket::{route, config, Request, Data, Route, Config};
@@ -80,12 +78,12 @@ fn generate_matching_requests<'c>(client: &'c Client, routes: &[Route]) -> Vec<L
 fn client(routes: Vec<Route>) -> Client {
     let config = Config {
         profile: Config::RELEASE_PROFILE,
-        // log_level: rocket::config::LogLevel::Off,
+        log_level: None,
         cli_colors: config::CliColors::Never,
         shutdown: config::ShutdownConfig {
             ctrlc: false,
             #[cfg(unix)]
-            signals: HashSet::new(),
+            signals: std::collections::hash_set::HashSet::new(),
             ..Default::default()
         },
         ..Default::default()

contrib/db_pools/lib/Cargo.toml

@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@ workspace = true
 deadpool_postgres = ["deadpool-postgres", "deadpool"]
 deadpool_redis = ["deadpool-redis", "deadpool"]
 # sqlx features
-sqlx_mysql = ["sqlx", "sqlx/mysql"]
+sqlx_mysql = ["sqlx", "sqlx/mysql", "log"]
-sqlx_postgres = ["sqlx", "sqlx/postgres"]
+sqlx_postgres = ["sqlx", "sqlx/postgres", "log"]
-sqlx_sqlite = ["sqlx", "sqlx/sqlite"]
+sqlx_sqlite = ["sqlx", "sqlx/sqlite", "log"]
 sqlx_macros = ["sqlx/macros"]
 # diesel features
 diesel_postgres = ["diesel-async/postgres", "diesel-async/deadpool", "diesel", "deadpool_09"]
@@ -86,6 +86,11 @@ default-features = false
 features = ["runtime-tokio-rustls"]
 optional = true
 
+[dependencies.log]
+version = "0.4"
+default-features = false
+optional = true
+
 [dev-dependencies.rocket]
 path = "../../../core/lib"
 default-features = false

contrib/db_pools/lib/src/pool.rs

@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ mod deadpool_old {
 mod sqlx {
     use sqlx::ConnectOptions;
     use super::{Duration, Error, Config, Figment};
-    // use rocket::config::LogLevel;
+    use rocket::tracing::level_filters::LevelFilter;
 
     type Options<D> = <<D as sqlx::Database>::Connection as sqlx::Connection>::Options;
 
@@ -301,12 +301,21 @@ mod sqlx {
             specialize(&mut opts, &config);
 
             opts = opts.disable_statement_logging();
-            // if let Ok(level) = figment.extract_inner::<LogLevel>(rocket::Config::LOG_LEVEL) {
+            if let Ok(value) = figment.find_value(rocket::Config::LOG_LEVEL) {
-            //     if !matches!(level, LogLevel::Normal | LogLevel::Off) {
+                if let Some(level) = value.as_str().and_then(|v| v.parse().ok()) {
-            //         opts = opts.log_statements(level.into())
+                    let log_level = match level {
-            //             .log_slow_statements(level.into(), Duration::default());
+                        LevelFilter::OFF => log::LevelFilter::Off,
-            //     }
+                        LevelFilter::ERROR => log::LevelFilter::Error,
-            // }
+                        LevelFilter::WARN => log::LevelFilter::Warn,
+                        LevelFilter::INFO => log::LevelFilter::Info,
+                        LevelFilter::DEBUG => log::LevelFilter::Debug,
+                        LevelFilter::TRACE => log::LevelFilter::Trace,
+                    };
+
+                    opts = opts.log_statements(log_level)
+                        .log_slow_statements(log_level, Duration::default());
+                }
+            }
 
             sqlx::pool::PoolOptions::new()
                 .max_connections(config.max_connections as u32)

contrib/dyn_templates/src/engine/minijinja.rs

@@ -42,20 +42,20 @@ impl Engine for Environment<'static> {
         Some(env)
     }
 
-    fn render<C: Serialize>(&self, name: &str, context: C) -> Option<String> {
+    fn render<C: Serialize>(&self, template: &str, context: C) -> Option<String> {
-        let Ok(template) = self.get_template(name) else {
+        let Ok(templ) = self.get_template(template) else {
-            error!("Minijinja template '{name}' was not found.");
+            error!(template, "requested template does not exist");
             return None;
         };
 
-        match template.render(context) {
+        match templ.render(context) {
             Ok(result) => Some(result),
             Err(e) => {
-                error_span!("Error rendering Minijinja template '{name}': {e}" => {
+                span_error!("templating", template, "failed to render Minijinja template" => {
-                    let mut error = &e as &dyn std::error::Error;
+                    let mut error = Some(&e as &dyn std::error::Error);
-                    while let Some(source) = error.source() {
+                    while let Some(err) = error {
-                        error_!("caused by: {source}");
+                        error!("{err}");
-                        error = source;
+                        error = err.source();
                     }
                 });
 

contrib/dyn_templates/src/engine/tera.rs

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ impl Engine for Tera {
 
         // Finally try to tell Tera about all of the templates.
         if let Err(e) = tera.add_template_files(files) {
-            error_span!("Tera templating initialization failed" => {
+            span_error!("templating", "Tera templating initialization failed" => {
                 let mut error = Some(&e as &dyn Error);
                 while let Some(err) = error {
                     error!("{err}");
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ impl Engine for Tera {
         match Tera::render(self, template, &tera_ctx) {
             Ok(string) => Some(string),
             Err(e) => {
-                error_span!("failed to render Tera template {name}" [template] => {
+                span_error!("templating", template, "failed to render Tera template" => {
                     let mut error = Some(&e as &dyn Error);
                     while let Some(err) = error {
                         error!("{err}");

contrib/dyn_templates/src/fairing.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use rocket::{Rocket, Build, Orbit};
 use rocket::fairing::{self, Fairing, Info, Kind};
 use rocket::figment::{Source, value::magic::RelativePathBuf};
+use rocket::trace::Trace;
 
 use crate::context::{Callback, Context, ContextManager};
 use crate::template::DEFAULT_TEMPLATE_DIR;
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ impl Fairing for TemplateFairing {
             Ok(dir) => dir,
             Err(e) if e.missing() => DEFAULT_TEMPLATE_DIR.into(),
             Err(e) => {
-                rocket::config::pretty_print_error(e);
+                e.trace_error();
                 return Err(rocket);
             }
         };
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ impl Fairing for TemplateFairing {
         let cm = rocket.state::<ContextManager>()
             .expect("Template ContextManager registered in on_ignite");
 
-        info_span!("templating" => {
+        span_info!("templating" => {
             info!(directory = %Source::from(&*cm.context().root));
             info!(engines = ?Engines::ENABLED_EXTENSIONS);
         });

contrib/dyn_templates/src/template.rs

@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ impl Template {
         })?;
 
         let value = self.value.map_err(|e| {
-            error_span!("template context failed to serialize" => e.trace_error());
+            span_error!("templating", "template context failed to serialize" => e.trace_error());
             Status::InternalServerError
         })?;
 

contrib/sync_db_pools/lib/src/connection.rs

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ impl<K: 'static, C: Poolable> ConnectionPool<K, C> {
                 let config = match Config::from(database, &rocket) {
                     Ok(config) => config,
                     Err(e) => {
-                        error_span!("database configuration error" [database] => e.trace_error());
+                        span_error!("database configuration error", database => e.trace_error());
                         return Err(rocket);
                     }
                 };
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ impl<K: 'static, C: Poolable> ConnectionPool<K, C> {
                         _marker: PhantomData,
                     })),
                     Err(Error::Config(e)) => {
-                        error_span!("database configuration error" [database] => e.trace_error());
+                        span_error!("database configuration error", database => e.trace_error());
                         Err(rocket)
                     }
                     Err(Error::Pool(reason)) => {

core/codegen/src/attribute/catch/mod.rs

@@ -80,9 +80,10 @@ pub fn _catch(
                 }
 
                 #_catcher::StaticInfo {
-                    name: stringify!(#user_catcher_fn_name),
+                    name: ::core::stringify!(#user_catcher_fn_name),
                     code: #status_code,
                     handler: monomorphized_function,
+                    location: (::core::file!(), ::core::line!(), ::core::column!()),
                 }
             }
 

core/codegen/src/attribute/entry/launch.rs

@@ -67,8 +67,7 @@ impl EntryAttr for Launch {
         // Always infer the type as `Rocket<Build>`.
         if let syn::ReturnType::Type(_, ref mut ty) = &mut f.sig.output {
             if let syn::Type::Infer(_) = &mut **ty {
-                let new = quote_spanned!(ty.span() => ::rocket::Rocket<::rocket::Build>);
+                *ty = syn::parse_quote_spanned!(ty.span() => ::rocket::Rocket<::rocket::Build>);
-                *ty = syn::parse2(new).expect("path is type");
             }
         }
 
@@ -105,8 +104,9 @@ impl EntryAttr for Launch {
         }
 
         let (vis, mut sig) = (&f.vis, f.sig.clone());
-        sig.ident = syn::Ident::new("main", sig.ident.span());
+        sig.ident = syn::Ident::new("main", f.sig.ident.span());
-        sig.output = syn::parse_quote!(-> #_ExitCode);
+        let ret_ty = _ExitCode.respanned(ty.span());
+        sig.output = syn::parse_quote_spanned!(ty.span() => -> #ret_ty);
         sig.asyncness = None;
 
         Ok(quote_spanned!(block.span() =>

core/codegen/src/attribute/route/mod.rs

@@ -105,9 +105,10 @@ fn query_decls(route: &Route) -> Option<TokenStream> {
             )*
 
             if !__e.is_empty() {
-                ::rocket::info_span!("query string failed to match route declaration" => {
+                ::rocket::trace::span_info!("codegen",
-                    for _err in __e { ::rocket::info!("{_err}"); }
+                    "query string failed to match route declaration" =>
-                });
+                    { for _err in __e { ::rocket::trace::info!("{_err}"); } }
+                );
 
                 return #Outcome::Forward((#__data, #Status::UnprocessableEntity));
             }
@@ -120,18 +121,25 @@ fn query_decls(route: &Route) -> Option<TokenStream> {
 fn request_guard_decl(guard: &Guard) -> TokenStream {
     let (ident, ty) = (guard.fn_ident.rocketized(), &guard.ty);
     define_spanned_export!(ty.span() =>
-        __req, __data, _request, FromRequest, Outcome
+        __req, __data, _request, display_hack, FromRequest, Outcome
     );
 
     quote_spanned! { ty.span() =>
         let #ident: #ty = match <#ty as #FromRequest>::from_request(#__req).await {
             #Outcome::Success(__v) => __v,
             #Outcome::Forward(__e) => {
-                ::rocket::info!(type_name = stringify!(#ty), "guard forwarding");
+                ::rocket::trace::info!(name: "forward", parameter = stringify!(#ident),
+                    type_name = stringify!(#ty), status = __e.code,
+                    "request guard forwarding");
+
                 return #Outcome::Forward((#__data, __e));
             },
+            #[allow(unreachable_code)]
             #Outcome::Error((__c, __e)) => {
-                ::rocket::info!(type_name = stringify!(#ty), "guard failed: {__e:?}");
+                ::rocket::trace::info!(name: "failure", parameter = stringify!(#ident),
+                    type_name = stringify!(#ty), reason = %#display_hack!(__e),
+                    "request guard failed");
+
                 return #Outcome::Error(__c);
             }
         };
@@ -142,14 +150,14 @@ fn param_guard_decl(guard: &Guard) -> TokenStream {
     let (i, name, ty) = (guard.index, &guard.name, &guard.ty);
     define_spanned_export!(ty.span() =>
         __req, __data, _None, _Some, _Ok, _Err,
-        Outcome, FromSegments, FromParam, Status
+        Outcome, FromSegments, FromParam, Status, display_hack
     );
 
     // Returned when a dynamic parameter fails to parse.
     let parse_error = quote!({
-        ::rocket::info!(name: "forward",
+        ::rocket::trace::info!(name: "forward", parameter = #name,
-            reason = %__error, parameter = #name, "type" = stringify!(#ty),
+            type_name = stringify!(#ty), reason = %#display_hack!(__error),
-            "parameter forwarding");
+            "path guard forwarding");
 
         #Outcome::Forward((#__data, #Status::UnprocessableEntity))
     });
@@ -161,10 +169,11 @@ fn param_guard_decl(guard: &Guard) -> TokenStream {
             match #__req.routed_segment(#i) {
                 #_Some(__s) => match <#ty as #FromParam>::from_param(__s) {
                     #_Ok(__v) => __v,
+                    #[allow(unreachable_code)]
                     #_Err(__error) => return #parse_error,
                 },
                 #_None => {
-                    ::rocket::error!(
+                    ::rocket::trace::error!(
                         "Internal invariant broken: dyn param {} not found.\n\
                         Please report this to the Rocket issue tracker.\n\
                         https://github.com/rwf2/Rocket/issues", #i);
@@ -176,6 +185,7 @@ fn param_guard_decl(guard: &Guard) -> TokenStream {
         true => quote_spanned! { ty.span() =>
             match <#ty as #FromSegments>::from_segments(#__req.routed_segments(#i..)) {
                 #_Ok(__v) => __v,
+                #[allow(unreachable_code)]
                 #_Err(__error) => return #parse_error,
             }
         },
@@ -187,17 +197,24 @@ fn param_guard_decl(guard: &Guard) -> TokenStream {
 
 fn data_guard_decl(guard: &Guard) -> TokenStream {
     let (ident, ty) = (guard.fn_ident.rocketized(), &guard.ty);
-    define_spanned_export!(ty.span() => __req, __data, FromData, Outcome);
+    define_spanned_export!(ty.span() => __req, __data, display_hack, FromData, Outcome);
 
     quote_spanned! { ty.span() =>
         let #ident: #ty = match <#ty as #FromData>::from_data(#__req, #__data).await {
             #Outcome::Success(__d) => __d,
             #Outcome::Forward((__d, __e)) => {
-                ::rocket::info!(type_name = stringify!(#ty), "data guard forwarding");
+                ::rocket::trace::info!(name: "forward", parameter = stringify!(#ident),
+                    type_name = stringify!(#ty), status = __e.code,
+                    "data guard forwarding");
+
                 return #Outcome::Forward((__d, __e));
             }
+            #[allow(unreachable_code)]
             #Outcome::Error((__c, __e)) => {
-                ::rocket::info!(type_name = stringify!(#ty), "data guard failed: {__e:?}");
+                ::rocket::trace::info!(name: "failure", parameter = stringify!(#ident),
+                    type_name = stringify!(#ty), reason = %#display_hack!(__e),
+                    "data guard failed");
+
                 return #Outcome::Error(__c);
             }
         };
@@ -232,7 +249,7 @@ fn internal_uri_macro_decl(route: &Route) -> TokenStream {
             /// Rocket generated URI macro.
             macro_rules! #inner_macro_name {
                 ($($token:tt)*) => {{
-                    rocket::rocket_internal_uri!(#route_uri, (#(#uri_args),*), $($token)*)
+                    ::rocket::rocket_internal_uri!(#route_uri, (#(#uri_args),*), $($token)*)
                 }};
             }
 
@@ -385,6 +402,7 @@ fn codegen_route(route: Route) -> Result<TokenStream> {
                     format: #format,
                     rank: #rank,
                     sentinels: #sentinels,
+                    location: (::core::file!(), ::core::line!(), ::core::column!()),
                 }
             }
 

core/codegen/src/exports.rs

@@ -86,6 +86,7 @@ define_exported_paths! {
     _Vec => ::std::vec::Vec,
     _Cow => ::std::borrow::Cow,
     _ExitCode => ::std::process::ExitCode,
+    display_hack => ::rocket::error::display_hack,
     BorrowMut => ::std::borrow::BorrowMut,
     Outcome => ::rocket::outcome::Outcome,
     FromForm => ::rocket::form::FromForm,

core/codegen/src/lib.rs

@@ -1328,7 +1328,7 @@ pub fn catchers(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
 /// assert_eq!(bob2.to_string(), "/person/Bob%20Smith");
 ///
 /// #[get("/person/<age>")]
-/// fn ok(age: Result<u8, &str>) { }
+/// fn ok(age: Result<u8, std::num::ParseIntError>) { }
 ///
 /// let kid1 = uri!(ok(age = 10));
 /// let kid2 = uri!(ok(12));

core/codegen/tests/typed-uris.rs

@@ -709,3 +709,19 @@ fn test_vec_in_query() {
         uri!(h(v = &[1, 2, 3][..])) => "/?v=%01%02%03",
     }
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn test_either() {
+    use rocket::either::{Either, Left, Right};
+
+    #[get("/<_foo>")]
+    fn f(_foo: Either<usize, &str>) { }
+
+    assert_uri_eq! {
+        uri!(f(Left::<usize, &str>(123))) => "/123",
+        uri!(f(_foo = Left::<usize, &str>(710))) => "/710",
+
+        uri!(f(Right::<usize, &str>("hello world"))) => "/hello%20world",
+        uri!(f(_foo = Right::<usize, &str>("bye?"))) => "/bye%3F",
+    }
+}

core/codegen/tests/ui-fail-nightly/async-entry.stderr

@@ -114,14 +114,6 @@ error[E0728]: `await` is only allowed inside `async` functions and blocks
 73 |         let _ = rocket::build().launch().await;
    |                                          ^^^^^ only allowed inside `async` functions and blocks
 
-error[E0728]: `await` is only allowed inside `async` functions and blocks
-  --> tests/ui-fail-nightly/async-entry.rs:73:42
-   |
-72 |     fn rocket() -> _ {
-   |     ----------- this is not `async`
-73 |         let _ = rocket::build().launch().await;
-   |                                          ^^^^^ only allowed inside `async` functions and blocks
-
 error[E0277]: `main` has invalid return type `Rocket<Build>`
   --> tests/ui-fail-nightly/async-entry.rs:94:20
    |

core/codegen/tests/ui-fail-nightly/route-type-errors.stderr

@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `Q: FromParam<'_>` is not satisfied
   |             ^ the trait `FromParam<'_>` is not implemented for `Q`
   |
   = help: the following other types implement trait `FromParam<'a>`:
-            &'a str
+            <&'a str as FromParam<'a>>
-            IpAddr
+            <IpAddr as FromParam<'a>>
-            Ipv4Addr
+            <Ipv4Addr as FromParam<'a>>
-            Ipv6Addr
+            <Ipv6Addr as FromParam<'a>>
-            NonZero<i128>
+            <NonZero<i128> as FromParam<'a>>
-            NonZero<i16>
+            <NonZero<i16> as FromParam<'a>>
-            NonZero<i32>
+            <NonZero<i32> as FromParam<'a>>
-            NonZero<i64>
+            <NonZero<i64> as FromParam<'a>>
           and $N others
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `Q: FromSegments<'_>` is not satisfied
@@ -104,14 +104,14 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `Q: FromParam<'_>` is not satisfied
    |                    ^ the trait `FromParam<'_>` is not implemented for `Q`
    |
    = help: the following other types implement trait `FromParam<'a>`:
-             &'a str
+             <&'a str as FromParam<'a>>
-             IpAddr
+             <IpAddr as FromParam<'a>>
-             Ipv4Addr
+             <Ipv4Addr as FromParam<'a>>
-             Ipv6Addr
+             <Ipv6Addr as FromParam<'a>>
-             NonZero<i128>
+             <NonZero<i128> as FromParam<'a>>
-             NonZero<i16>
+             <NonZero<i16> as FromParam<'a>>
-             NonZero<i32>
+             <NonZero<i32> as FromParam<'a>>
-             NonZero<i64>
+             <NonZero<i64> as FromParam<'a>>
            and $N others
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `Q: FromRequest<'_>` is not satisfied
@@ -138,14 +138,14 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `Q: FromParam<'_>` is not satisfied
    |                    ^ the trait `FromParam<'_>` is not implemented for `Q`
    |
    = help: the following other types implement trait `FromParam<'a>`:
-             &'a str
+             <&'a str as FromParam<'a>>
-             IpAddr
+             <IpAddr as FromParam<'a>>
-             Ipv4Addr
+             <Ipv4Addr as FromParam<'a>>
-             Ipv6Addr
+             <Ipv6Addr as FromParam<'a>>
-             NonZero<i128>
+             <NonZero<i128> as FromParam<'a>>
-             NonZero<i16>
+             <NonZero<i16> as FromParam<'a>>
-             NonZero<i32>
+             <NonZero<i32> as FromParam<'a>>
-             NonZero<i64>
+             <NonZero<i64> as FromParam<'a>>
            and $N others
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `Q: FromParam<'_>` is not satisfied
@@ -155,12 +155,12 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `Q: FromParam<'_>` is not satisfied
    |                                           ^ the trait `FromParam<'_>` is not implemented for `Q`
    |
    = help: the following other types implement trait `FromParam<'a>`:
-             &'a str
+             <&'a str as FromParam<'a>>
-             IpAddr
+             <IpAddr as FromParam<'a>>
-             Ipv4Addr
+             <Ipv4Addr as FromParam<'a>>
-             Ipv6Addr
+             <Ipv6Addr as FromParam<'a>>
-             NonZero<i128>
+             <NonZero<i128> as FromParam<'a>>
-             NonZero<i16>
+             <NonZero<i16> as FromParam<'a>>
-             NonZero<i32>
+             <NonZero<i32> as FromParam<'a>>
-             NonZero<i64>
+             <NonZero<i64> as FromParam<'a>>
            and $N others

core/codegen/tests/ui-fail-nightly/typed-uri-bad-type.stderr

@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `S: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path, _>`
              <&'a std::path::Path as FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path, &'x mut &'a std::path::Path>>
              <&'a std::path::Path as FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path, &'x mut PathBuf>>
            and $N others
-   = note: this error originates in the macro `rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   = note: this error originates in the macro `::rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `i32: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path, std::option::Option<{integer}>>` is not satisfied
   --> tests/ui-fail-nightly/typed-uri-bad-type.rs:24:18
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `S: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Query, _>
              <&'a std::path::Path as FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path, &'x mut &'a std::path::Path>>
              <&'a std::path::Path as FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path, &'x mut PathBuf>>
            and $N others
-   = note: this error originates in the macro `rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   = note: this error originates in the macro `::rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `S: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Query, _>` is not satisfied
   --> tests/ui-fail-nightly/typed-uri-bad-type.rs:41:29
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `S: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Query, _>
              <&'a std::path::Path as FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path, &'x mut &'a std::path::Path>>
              <&'a std::path::Path as FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path, &'x mut PathBuf>>
            and $N others
-   = note: this error originates in the macro `rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   = note: this error originates in the macro `::rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `S: Ignorable<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Query>` is not satisfied
   --> tests/ui-fail-nightly/typed-uri-bad-type.rs:68:25
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `S: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Query, _>
              <&'a std::path::Path as FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path, &'x mut &'a std::path::Path>>
              <&'a std::path::Path as FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path, &'x mut PathBuf>>
            and $N others
-   = note: this error originates in the macro `rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   = note: this error originates in the macro `::rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `usize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path, &str>` is not satisfied
   --> tests/ui-fail-nightly/typed-uri-bad-type.rs:15:15
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `usize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path,
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, &'x mut usize>>
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, &'x usize>>
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, usize>>
-   = note: this error originates in the macro `rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   = note: this error originates in the macro `::rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `usize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path, &str>` is not satisfied
   --> tests/ui-fail-nightly/typed-uri-bad-type.rs:49:17
@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `usize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path,
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, &'x mut usize>>
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, &'x usize>>
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, usize>>
-   = note: this error originates in the macro `rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   = note: this error originates in the macro `::rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `usize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path, i64>` is not satisfied
   --> tests/ui-fail-nightly/typed-uri-bad-type.rs:51:22
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `usize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path,
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, &'x mut usize>>
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, &'x usize>>
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, usize>>
-   = note: this error originates in the macro `rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   = note: this error originates in the macro `::rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `i32: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path, std::option::Option<{integer}>>` is not satisfied
   --> tests/ui-fail-nightly/typed-uri-bad-type.rs:58:25
@@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `i32: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path, s
              <i32 as FromUriParam<P, &'x mut i32>>
              <i32 as FromUriParam<P, i32>>
    = note: required for `std::option::Option<i32>` to implement `FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path, std::option::Option<{integer}>>`
-   = note: this error originates in the macro `rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   = note: this error originates in the macro `::rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `isize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Query, &str>` is not satisfied
   --> tests/ui-fail-nightly/typed-uri-bad-type.rs:60:19
@@ -499,7 +499,7 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `isize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Query
              <isize as FromUriParam<P, &'x isize>>
              <isize as FromUriParam<P, &'x mut isize>>
              <isize as FromUriParam<P, isize>>
-   = note: this error originates in the macro `rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   = note: this error originates in the macro `::rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `isize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Query, &str>` is not satisfied
   --> tests/ui-fail-nightly/typed-uri-bad-type.rs:62:24
@@ -511,7 +511,7 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `isize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Query
              <isize as FromUriParam<P, &'x isize>>
              <isize as FromUriParam<P, &'x mut isize>>
              <isize as FromUriParam<P, isize>>
-   = note: this error originates in the macro `rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   = note: this error originates in the macro `::rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `usize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path, &str>` is not satisfied
   --> tests/ui-fail-nightly/typed-uri-bad-type.rs:79:40
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `usize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path,
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, &'x mut usize>>
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, &'x usize>>
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, usize>>
-   = note: this error originates in the macro `rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   = note: this error originates in the macro `::rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `usize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path, &str>` is not satisfied
   --> tests/ui-fail-nightly/typed-uri-bad-type.rs:80:33
@@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `usize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path,
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, &'x mut usize>>
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, &'x usize>>
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, usize>>
-   = note: this error originates in the macro `rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   = note: this error originates in the macro `::rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `usize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path, &str>` is not satisfied
   --> tests/ui-fail-nightly/typed-uri-bad-type.rs:83:25
@@ -547,7 +547,7 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `usize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path,
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, &'x mut usize>>
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, &'x usize>>
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, usize>>
-   = note: this error originates in the macro `rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   = note: this error originates in the macro `::rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `usize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path, &str>` is not satisfied
   --> tests/ui-fail-nightly/typed-uri-bad-type.rs:84:25
@@ -559,4 +559,4 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `usize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path,
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, &'x mut usize>>
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, &'x usize>>
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, usize>>
-   = note: this error originates in the macro `rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   = note: this error originates in the macro `::rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)

core/codegen/tests/ui-fail-stable/catch_type_errors.stderr

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `usize: Responder<'_, '_>` is not satisfied
             <Box<str> as Responder<'r, 'static>>
             <Box<[u8]> as Responder<'r, 'static>>
             <Box<T> as Responder<'r, 'o>>
-            <rocket::Either<T, E> as Responder<'r, 'o>>
+            <rocket::either::Either<T, E> as Responder<'r, 'o>>
             <Cow<'o, R> as Responder<'r, 'o>>
             <rocket::tokio::fs::File as Responder<'r, 'static>>
             <EventStream<S> as Responder<'r, 'r>>
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `bool: Responder<'_, '_>` is not satisfied
              <Box<str> as Responder<'r, 'static>>
              <Box<[u8]> as Responder<'r, 'static>>
              <Box<T> as Responder<'r, 'o>>
-             <rocket::Either<T, E> as Responder<'r, 'o>>
+             <rocket::either::Either<T, E> as Responder<'r, 'o>>
              <Cow<'o, R> as Responder<'r, 'o>>
              <rocket::tokio::fs::File as Responder<'r, 'static>>
              <EventStream<S> as Responder<'r, 'r>>
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `usize: Responder<'_, '_>` is not satisfied
              <Box<str> as Responder<'r, 'static>>
              <Box<[u8]> as Responder<'r, 'static>>
              <Box<T> as Responder<'r, 'o>>
-             <rocket::Either<T, E> as Responder<'r, 'o>>
+             <rocket::either::Either<T, E> as Responder<'r, 'o>>
              <Cow<'o, R> as Responder<'r, 'o>>
              <rocket::tokio::fs::File as Responder<'r, 'static>>
              <EventStream<S> as Responder<'r, 'r>>
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `usize: Responder<'_, '_>` is not satisfied
              <Box<str> as Responder<'r, 'static>>
              <Box<[u8]> as Responder<'r, 'static>>
              <Box<T> as Responder<'r, 'o>>
-             <rocket::Either<T, E> as Responder<'r, 'o>>
+             <rocket::either::Either<T, E> as Responder<'r, 'o>>
              <Cow<'o, R> as Responder<'r, 'o>>
              <rocket::tokio::fs::File as Responder<'r, 'static>>
              <EventStream<S> as Responder<'r, 'r>>

core/codegen/tests/ui-fail-stable/from_form_type_errors.stderr

@@ -137,9 +137,9 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `Unknown: FromForm<'r>` is not satisfied
             <HashMap<K, V> as FromForm<'v>>
             <BTreeMap<K, V> as FromForm<'v>>
             <Arc<T> as FromForm<'v>>
+            <Vec<T> as FromForm<'v>>
             <form::from_form::_::proxy::Range<T> as FromForm<'r>>
             <form::from_form::_::proxy::RangeFrom<T> as FromForm<'r>>
-            <form::from_form::_::proxy::RangeTo<T> as FromForm<'r>>
           and $N others
   = note: required for `Unknown` to implement `FromForm<'r>`
 
@@ -196,9 +196,9 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `Foo<usize>: FromForm<'r>` is not satisfied
              <HashMap<K, V> as FromForm<'v>>
              <BTreeMap<K, V> as FromForm<'v>>
              <Arc<T> as FromForm<'v>>
+             <Vec<T> as FromForm<'v>>
              <form::from_form::_::proxy::Range<T> as FromForm<'r>>
              <form::from_form::_::proxy::RangeFrom<T> as FromForm<'r>>
-             <form::from_form::_::proxy::RangeTo<T> as FromForm<'r>>
            and $N others
    = note: required for `Foo<usize>` to implement `FromForm<'r>`
 

core/codegen/tests/ui-fail-stable/responder-types.stderr

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `u8: Responder<'_, '_>` is not satisfied
             <Box<str> as Responder<'r, 'static>>
             <Box<[u8]> as Responder<'r, 'static>>
             <Box<T> as Responder<'r, 'o>>
-            <rocket::Either<T, E> as Responder<'r, 'o>>
+            <rocket::either::Either<T, E> as Responder<'r, 'o>>
           and $N others
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `Header<'_>: From<u8>` is not satisfied
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `u8: Responder<'_, '_>` is not satisfied
              <Box<str> as Responder<'r, 'static>>
              <Box<[u8]> as Responder<'r, 'static>>
              <Box<T> as Responder<'r, 'o>>
-             <rocket::Either<T, E> as Responder<'r, 'o>>
+             <rocket::either::Either<T, E> as Responder<'r, 'o>>
            and $N others
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `Header<'_>: From<u8>` is not satisfied
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `usize: Responder<'_, '_>` is not satisfied
              <Box<str> as Responder<'r, 'static>>
              <Box<[u8]> as Responder<'r, 'static>>
              <Box<T> as Responder<'r, 'o>>
-             <rocket::Either<T, E> as Responder<'r, 'o>>
+             <rocket::either::Either<T, E> as Responder<'r, 'o>>
            and $N others
 note: required by a bound in `route::handler::<impl Outcome<Response<'o>, Status, (rocket::Data<'o>, Status)>>::from`
   --> $WORKSPACE/core/lib/src/route/handler.rs

core/codegen/tests/ui-fail-stable/route-type-errors.stderr

@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `Q: FromParam<'_>` is not satisfied
   |             ^ the trait `FromParam<'_>` is not implemented for `Q`
   |
   = help: the following other types implement trait `FromParam<'a>`:
-            bool
+            <bool as FromParam<'a>>
-            isize
+            <isize as FromParam<'a>>
-            i8
+            <i8 as FromParam<'a>>
-            i16
+            <i16 as FromParam<'a>>
-            i32
+            <i32 as FromParam<'a>>
-            i64
+            <i64 as FromParam<'a>>
-            i128
+            <i128 as FromParam<'a>>
-            usize
+            <usize as FromParam<'a>>
           and $N others
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `Q: FromSegments<'_>` is not satisfied
@@ -104,14 +104,14 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `Q: FromParam<'_>` is not satisfied
    |                    ^ the trait `FromParam<'_>` is not implemented for `Q`
    |
    = help: the following other types implement trait `FromParam<'a>`:
-             bool
+             <bool as FromParam<'a>>
-             isize
+             <isize as FromParam<'a>>
-             i8
+             <i8 as FromParam<'a>>
-             i16
+             <i16 as FromParam<'a>>
-             i32
+             <i32 as FromParam<'a>>
-             i64
+             <i64 as FromParam<'a>>
-             i128
+             <i128 as FromParam<'a>>
-             usize
+             <usize as FromParam<'a>>
            and $N others
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `Q: FromRequest<'_>` is not satisfied
@@ -138,14 +138,14 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `Q: FromParam<'_>` is not satisfied
    |                    ^ the trait `FromParam<'_>` is not implemented for `Q`
    |
    = help: the following other types implement trait `FromParam<'a>`:
-             bool
+             <bool as FromParam<'a>>
-             isize
+             <isize as FromParam<'a>>
-             i8
+             <i8 as FromParam<'a>>
-             i16
+             <i16 as FromParam<'a>>
-             i32
+             <i32 as FromParam<'a>>
-             i64
+             <i64 as FromParam<'a>>
-             i128
+             <i128 as FromParam<'a>>
-             usize
+             <usize as FromParam<'a>>
            and $N others
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `Q: FromParam<'_>` is not satisfied
@@ -155,12 +155,12 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `Q: FromParam<'_>` is not satisfied
    |                                           ^ the trait `FromParam<'_>` is not implemented for `Q`
    |
    = help: the following other types implement trait `FromParam<'a>`:
-             bool
+             <bool as FromParam<'a>>
-             isize
+             <isize as FromParam<'a>>
-             i8
+             <i8 as FromParam<'a>>
-             i16
+             <i16 as FromParam<'a>>
-             i32
+             <i32 as FromParam<'a>>
-             i64
+             <i64 as FromParam<'a>>
-             i128
+             <i128 as FromParam<'a>>
-             usize
+             <usize as FromParam<'a>>
            and $N others

core/codegen/tests/ui-fail-stable/typed-uri-bad-type.stderr

@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `S: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path, _>`
              <i8 as FromUriParam<P, i8>>
              <i8 as FromUriParam<P, &'x i8>>
            and $N others
-   = note: this error originates in the macro `rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   = note: this error originates in the macro `::rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `i32: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path, std::option::Option<{integer}>>` is not satisfied
   --> tests/ui-fail-stable/typed-uri-bad-type.rs:24:18
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `S: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Query, _>
              <i8 as FromUriParam<P, i8>>
              <i8 as FromUriParam<P, &'x i8>>
            and $N others
-   = note: this error originates in the macro `rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   = note: this error originates in the macro `::rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `S: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Query, _>` is not satisfied
   --> tests/ui-fail-stable/typed-uri-bad-type.rs:41:29
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `S: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Query, _>
              <i8 as FromUriParam<P, i8>>
              <i8 as FromUriParam<P, &'x i8>>
            and $N others
-   = note: this error originates in the macro `rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   = note: this error originates in the macro `::rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `S: Ignorable<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Query>` is not satisfied
   --> tests/ui-fail-stable/typed-uri-bad-type.rs:68:25
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `S: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Query, _>
              <i8 as FromUriParam<P, i8>>
              <i8 as FromUriParam<P, &'x i8>>
            and $N others
-   = note: this error originates in the macro `rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   = note: this error originates in the macro `::rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `usize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path, &str>` is not satisfied
   --> tests/ui-fail-stable/typed-uri-bad-type.rs:15:15
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `usize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path,
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, usize>>
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, &'x usize>>
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, &'x mut usize>>
-   = note: this error originates in the macro `rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   = note: this error originates in the macro `::rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `usize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path, &str>` is not satisfied
   --> tests/ui-fail-stable/typed-uri-bad-type.rs:49:17
@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `usize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path,
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, usize>>
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, &'x usize>>
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, &'x mut usize>>
-   = note: this error originates in the macro `rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   = note: this error originates in the macro `::rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `usize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path, i64>` is not satisfied
   --> tests/ui-fail-stable/typed-uri-bad-type.rs:51:22
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `usize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path,
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, usize>>
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, &'x usize>>
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, &'x mut usize>>
-   = note: this error originates in the macro `rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   = note: this error originates in the macro `::rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `i32: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path, std::option::Option<{integer}>>` is not satisfied
   --> tests/ui-fail-stable/typed-uri-bad-type.rs:58:25
@@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `i32: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path, s
              <i32 as FromUriParam<P, &'x i32>>
              <i32 as FromUriParam<P, &'x mut i32>>
    = note: required for `std::option::Option<i32>` to implement `FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path, std::option::Option<{integer}>>`
-   = note: this error originates in the macro `rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   = note: this error originates in the macro `::rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `isize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Query, &str>` is not satisfied
   --> tests/ui-fail-stable/typed-uri-bad-type.rs:60:19
@@ -499,7 +499,7 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `isize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Query
              <isize as FromUriParam<P, isize>>
              <isize as FromUriParam<P, &'x isize>>
              <isize as FromUriParam<P, &'x mut isize>>
-   = note: this error originates in the macro `rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   = note: this error originates in the macro `::rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `isize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Query, &str>` is not satisfied
   --> tests/ui-fail-stable/typed-uri-bad-type.rs:62:24
@@ -511,7 +511,7 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `isize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Query
              <isize as FromUriParam<P, isize>>
              <isize as FromUriParam<P, &'x isize>>
              <isize as FromUriParam<P, &'x mut isize>>
-   = note: this error originates in the macro `rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   = note: this error originates in the macro `::rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `usize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path, &str>` is not satisfied
   --> tests/ui-fail-stable/typed-uri-bad-type.rs:79:40
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `usize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path,
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, usize>>
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, &'x usize>>
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, &'x mut usize>>
-   = note: this error originates in the macro `rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   = note: this error originates in the macro `::rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `usize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path, &str>` is not satisfied
   --> tests/ui-fail-stable/typed-uri-bad-type.rs:80:33
@@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `usize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path,
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, usize>>
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, &'x usize>>
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, &'x mut usize>>
-   = note: this error originates in the macro `rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   = note: this error originates in the macro `::rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `usize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path, &str>` is not satisfied
   --> tests/ui-fail-stable/typed-uri-bad-type.rs:83:25
@@ -547,7 +547,7 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `usize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path,
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, usize>>
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, &'x usize>>
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, &'x mut usize>>
-   = note: this error originates in the macro `rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   = note: this error originates in the macro `::rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 
 error[E0277]: the trait bound `usize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path, &str>` is not satisfied
   --> tests/ui-fail-stable/typed-uri-bad-type.rs:84:25
@@ -559,4 +559,4 @@ error[E0277]: the trait bound `usize: FromUriParam<rocket::http::uri::fmt::Path,
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, usize>>
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, &'x usize>>
              <usize as FromUriParam<P, &'x mut usize>>
-   = note: this error originates in the macro `rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+   = note: this error originates in the macro `::rocket::rocket_internal_uri` which comes from the expansion of the macro `uri` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)

core/http/src/uri/fmt/from_uri_param.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
-use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
+
+use either::Either;
 
 use crate::uri::fmt::UriDisplay;
 use crate::uri::fmt::{self, Part};
@@ -61,7 +63,7 @@ use crate::uri::fmt::{self, Part};
 ///
 ///    * `String`, `i8`, `i16`, `i32`, `i64`, `i128`, `isize`, `u8`, `u16`,
 ///      `u32`, `u64`, `u128`, `usize`, `f32`, `f64`, `bool`, `IpAddr`,
-///      `Ipv4Addr`, `Ipv6Addr`, `&str`, `Cow<str>`
+///      `Ipv4Addr`, `Ipv6Addr`, `&str`, `Cow<str>`, `Either<A, B>`
 ///
 /// The following types have _identity_ implementations _only in [`Path`]_:
 ///
@@ -375,7 +377,9 @@ impl<A, T: FromUriParam<fmt::Path, A>> FromUriParam<fmt::Path, A> for Option<T>
 }
 
 /// A no cost conversion allowing `T` to be used in place of an `Result<T, E>`.
-impl<A, E, T: FromUriParam<fmt::Path, A>> FromUriParam<fmt::Path, A> for Result<T, E> {
+impl<A, E, T> FromUriParam<fmt::Path, A> for Result<T, E>
+    where T: FromUriParam<fmt::Path, A>
+{
     type Target = T::Target;
 
     #[inline(always)]
@@ -384,6 +388,19 @@ impl<A, E, T: FromUriParam<fmt::Path, A>> FromUriParam<fmt::Path, A> for Result<
     }
 }
 
+impl<P: Part, A, B, T, U> FromUriParam<P, Either<A, B>> for Either<T, U>
+    where T: FromUriParam<P, A>, U: FromUriParam<P, B>
+{
+    type Target = Either<T::Target, U::Target>;
+
+    fn from_uri_param(param: Either<A, B>) -> Self::Target {
+        match param {
+            Either::Left(a) => Either::Left(T::from_uri_param(a)),
+            Either::Right(b) => Either::Right(U::from_uri_param(b)),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl<A, T: FromUriParam<fmt::Query, A>> FromUriParam<fmt::Query, Option<A>> for Option<T> {
     type Target = Option<T::Target>;
 

core/http/src/uri/fmt/uri_display.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
 use std::{fmt, path};
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 
+use either::Either;
 use time::{macros::format_description, format_description::FormatItem};
 
 use crate::RawStr;
@@ -421,6 +422,17 @@ impl<P: Part, T: UriDisplay<P> + ?Sized> UriDisplay<P> for &T {
     }
 }
 
+/// Defers to `T` or `U` in `Either<T, U>`.
+impl<P: Part, T: UriDisplay<P>, U: UriDisplay<P>> UriDisplay<P> for Either<T, U> {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_, P>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Either::Left(t) => UriDisplay::fmt(t, f),
+            Either::Right(u) => UriDisplay::fmt(u, f),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Defers to the `UriDisplay<P>` implementation for `T`.
 impl<P: Part, T: UriDisplay<P> + ?Sized> UriDisplay<P> for &mut T {
     #[inline(always)]

core/lib/fuzz/targets/collision-matching.rs

@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ type TestData<'a> = (
 fn fuzz((route_a, route_b, req): TestData<'_>) {
     let rocket = rocket::custom(rocket::Config {
         workers: 2,
-        // log_level: rocket::log::LogLevel::Off,
+        log_level: None,
         cli_colors: rocket::config::CliColors::Never,
         ..rocket::Config::debug_default()
     });

core/lib/src/catcher/catcher.rs

@@ -127,6 +127,9 @@ pub struct Catcher {
     ///
     /// This is -(number of nonempty segments in base).
     pub(crate) rank: isize,
+
+    /// The catcher's file, line, and column location.
+    pub(crate) location: Option<(&'static str, u32, u32)>,
 }
 
 // The rank is computed as -(number of nonempty segments in base) => catchers
@@ -185,7 +188,8 @@ impl Catcher {
             base: uri::Origin::root().clone(),
             handler: Box::new(handler),
             rank: rank(uri::Origin::root().path()),
-            code
+            code,
+            location: None,
         }
     }
 
@@ -328,6 +332,8 @@ pub struct StaticInfo {
     pub code: Option<u16>,
     /// The catcher's handler, i.e, the annotated function.
     pub handler: for<'r> fn(Status, &'r Request<'_>) -> BoxFuture<'r>,
+    /// The file, line, and column where the catcher was defined.
+    pub location: (&'static str, u32, u32),
 }
 
 #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -336,6 +342,7 @@ impl From<StaticInfo> for Catcher {
     fn from(info: StaticInfo) -> Catcher {
         let mut catcher = Catcher::new(info.code, info.handler);
         catcher.name = Some(info.name.into());
+        catcher.location = Some(info.location);
         catcher
     }
 }

core/lib/src/config/config.rs

@@ -2,15 +2,13 @@ use figment::{Figment, Profile, Provider, Metadata, error::Result};
 use figment::providers::{Serialized, Env, Toml, Format};
 use figment::value::{Map, Dict, magic::RelativePathBuf};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use tracing::Level;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "secrets")]
 use crate::config::SecretKey;
-use crate::config::{ShutdownConfig, Ident, CliColors};
+use crate::config::{ShutdownConfig, Level, TraceFormat, Ident, CliColors};
 use crate::request::{self, Request, FromRequest};
 use crate::http::uncased::Uncased;
 use crate::data::Limits;
-use crate::trace::{Trace, TraceFormat};
 
 /// Rocket server configuration.
 ///
@@ -288,7 +286,7 @@ impl Config {
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
-    /// If extraction fails, prints an error message indicating the error and
+    /// If extraction fails, logs an error message indicating the error and
     /// panics. For a version that doesn't panic, use [`Config::try_from()`].
     ///
     /// # Example
@@ -306,7 +304,12 @@ impl Config {
     /// let config = Config::from(figment);
     /// ```
     pub fn from<T: Provider>(provider: T) -> Self {
-        Self::try_from(provider).unwrap_or_else(bail_with_config_error)
+        use crate::trace::Trace;
+
+        Self::try_from(provider).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
+            e.trace_error();
+            panic!("aborting due to configuration error(s)")
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -433,15 +436,3 @@ impl<'r> FromRequest<'r> for &'r Config {
         request::Outcome::Success(req.rocket().config())
     }
 }
-
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub fn bail_with_config_error<T>(error: figment::Error) -> T {
-    pretty_print_error(error);
-    panic!("aborting due to configuration error(s)")
-}
-
-#[doc(hidden)]
-// FIXME: Remove this function.
-pub fn pretty_print_error(error: figment::Error) {
-    error.trace_error()
-}

core/lib/src/config/mod.rs

@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ pub use ident::Ident;
 pub use config::Config;
 pub use cli_colors::CliColors;
 
-// pub use crate::log::LogLevel;
+pub use crate::trace::{TraceFormat, Level};
 pub use crate::shutdown::ShutdownConfig;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "tls")]
@@ -139,6 +139,3 @@ pub use crate::shutdown::Sig;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "secrets")]
 pub use secret_key::SecretKey;
-
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub use config::{pretty_print_error, bail_with_config_error};

core/lib/src/error.rs

@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use figment::Profile;
 
 use crate::listener::Endpoint;
-use crate::trace::Trace;
 use crate::{Ignite, Orbit, Phase, Rocket};
+use crate::trace::Trace;
 
 /// An error that occurs during launch.
 ///
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ impl Error {
         match result {
             Ok(_) => process::ExitCode::SUCCESS,
             Err(e) => {
-                error_span!("aborting launch due to error" => e.trace_error());
+                span_error!("error", "aborting launch due to error" => e.trace_error());
                 process::ExitCode::SUCCESS
             }
         }
@@ -200,14 +200,14 @@ impl fmt::Display for ServerError<'_> {
 pub(crate) fn log_server_error(error: &(dyn StdError + 'static)) {
     let mut error: &(dyn StdError + 'static) = error;
     if error.downcast_ref::<hyper::Error>().is_some() {
-        warn_span!("minor server error" ["{}", ServerError(error)] => {
+        span_warn!("request error", "{}", ServerError(error) => {
             while let Some(source) = error.source() {
                 error = source;
                 warn!("{}", ServerError(error));
             }
         });
     } else {
-        error_span!("server error" ["{}", ServerError(error)] => {
+        span_error!("server error", "{}", ServerError(error) => {
             while let Some(source) = error.source() {
                 error = source;
                 error!("{}", ServerError(error));
@@ -215,3 +215,59 @@ pub(crate) fn log_server_error(error: &(dyn StdError + 'static)) {
         });
     }
 }
+
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub mod display_hack_impl {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::util::Formatter;
+
+    /// The *magic*.
+    ///
+    /// This type implements a `display()` method using an internal `T` that is
+    /// either `fmt::Display` _or_ `fmt::Debug`, using the former when
+    /// available. It does so by using a "specialization" hack: it has a blanket
+    /// DefaultDisplay trait impl for all types that are `fmt::Debug` and a
+    /// "specialized" inherent impl for all types that are `fmt::Display`.
+    ///
+    /// As long as `T: Display`, the "specialized" impl is what Rust will
+    /// resolve `DisplayHack(v).display()` to when `T: fmt::Display` as it is an
+    /// inherent impl. Otherwise, Rust will fall back to the blanket impl.
+    pub struct DisplayHack<T: ?Sized>(pub T);
+
+    pub trait DefaultDisplay {
+        fn display(&self) -> impl fmt::Display;
+    }
+
+    /// Blanket implementation for `T: Debug`. This is what Rust will resolve
+    /// `DisplayHack<T>::display` to when `T: Debug`.
+    impl<T: fmt::Debug + ?Sized> DefaultDisplay for DisplayHack<T> {
+        #[inline(always)]
+        fn display(&self) -> impl fmt::Display {
+            Formatter(|f| fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f))
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// "Specialized" implementation for `T: Display`. This is what Rust will
+    /// resolve `DisplayHack<T>::display` to when `T: Display`.
+    impl<T: fmt::Display + fmt::Debug + ?Sized> DisplayHack<T> {
+        #[inline(always)]
+        pub fn display(&self) -> impl fmt::Display + '_ {
+            Formatter(|f| fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[doc(hidden)]
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! display_hack {
+    ($v:expr) => ({
+        #[allow(unused_imports)]
+        use $crate::error::display_hack_impl::{DisplayHack, DefaultDisplay as _};
+
+        #[allow(unreachable_code)]
+        DisplayHack($v).display()
+    })
+}
+
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub use display_hack as display_hack;

core/lib/src/fairing/ad_hoc.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-use futures::future::{Future, BoxFuture, FutureExt};
 use parking_lot::Mutex;
+use futures::future::{Future, BoxFuture, FutureExt};
 
-use crate::route::RouteUri;
 use crate::{Rocket, Request, Response, Data, Build, Orbit};
 use crate::fairing::{Fairing, Kind, Info, Result};
+use crate::route::RouteUri;
+use crate::trace::Trace;
 
 /// A ad-hoc fairing that can be created from a function or closure.
 ///
@@ -235,7 +236,7 @@ impl AdHoc {
             let app_config = match rocket.figment().extract::<T>() {
                 Ok(config) => config,
                 Err(e) => {
-                    crate::config::pretty_print_error(e);
+                    e.trace_error();
                     return Err(rocket);
                 }
             };

core/lib/src/fairing/fairings.rs

@@ -51,16 +51,6 @@ impl Fairings {
         iter!(self, self.active().collect::<HashSet<_>>().into_iter())
             .map(|v| v.1)
             .collect()
-        // .into_iter()
-        //     .map(|i| )
-        // if !active_fairings.is_empty() {
-        //     tracing::info_span!("fairings").in_scope(|| {
-        //         for (_, fairing) in iter!(self, active_fairings.into_iter()) {
-        //             let (name, kind) = (fairing.info().name, fairing.info().kind);
-        //             info!(name: "fairing", name, %kind)
-        //         }
-        //     });
-        // }
     }
 
     pub fn add(&mut self, fairing: Box<dyn Fairing>) {

core/lib/src/lib.rs

@@ -123,6 +123,7 @@ pub use tokio;
 pub use figment;
 pub use time;
 pub use tracing;
+pub use either;
 
 #[macro_use]
 pub mod trace;
@@ -164,8 +165,6 @@ mod router;
 mod phase;
 mod erased;
 
-#[doc(hidden)] pub use either::Either;
-
 #[doc(inline)] pub use rocket_codegen::*;
 
 #[doc(inline)] pub use crate::response::Response;
@@ -254,6 +253,11 @@ pub fn async_test<R>(fut: impl std::future::Future<Output = R>) -> R {
 /// WARNING: This is unstable! Do not use this method outside of Rocket!
 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub fn async_main<R>(fut: impl std::future::Future<Output = R> + Send) -> R {
+    fn bail<T, E: crate::trace::Trace>(e: E) -> T {
+        e.trace_error();
+        panic!("aborting due to error")
+    }
+
     // FIXME: We need to run `fut` to get the user's `Figment` to properly set
     // up the async env, but we need the async env to run `fut`. So we're stuck.
     // Tokio doesn't let us take the state from one async env and migrate it to
@@ -263,8 +267,6 @@ pub fn async_main<R>(fut: impl std::future::Future<Output = R> + Send) -> R {
     // values won't reflect swaps of `Rocket` in attach fairings with different
     // config values, or values from non-Rocket configs. See tokio-rs/tokio#3329
     // for a necessary resolution in `tokio`.
-    use config::bail_with_config_error as bail;
-
     let fig = Config::figment();
     let workers = fig.extract_inner(Config::WORKERS).unwrap_or_else(bail);
     let max_blocking = fig.extract_inner(Config::MAX_BLOCKING).unwrap_or_else(bail);

core/lib/src/lifecycle.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 use futures::future::{FutureExt, Future};
 
-use crate::{route, catcher, Rocket, Orbit, Request, Response, Data};
 use crate::trace::Trace;
 use crate::util::Formatter;
 use crate::data::IoHandler;
 use crate::http::{Method, Status, Header};
 use crate::outcome::Outcome;
 use crate::form::Form;
+use crate::{route, catcher, Rocket, Orbit, Request, Response, Data};
 
 // A token returned to force the execution of one method before another.
 pub(crate) struct RequestToken;
@@ -199,6 +199,7 @@ impl Rocket<Orbit> {
         let mut status = Status::NotFound;
         for route in self.router.route(request) {
             // Retrieve and set the requests parameters.
+            route.trace_info();
             request.set_route(route);
 
             let name = route.name.as_deref();
@@ -207,7 +208,6 @@ impl Rocket<Orbit> {
 
             // Check if the request processing completed (Some) or if the
             // request needs to be forwarded. If it does, continue the loop
-            route.trace_info();
             outcome.trace_info();
             match outcome {
                 o@Outcome::Success(_) | o@Outcome::Error(_) => return o,
@@ -215,9 +215,7 @@ impl Rocket<Orbit> {
             }
         }
 
-        let outcome = Outcome::Forward((data, status));
+        Outcome::Forward((data, status))
-        outcome.trace_info();
-        outcome
     }
 
     // Invokes the catcher for `status`. Returns the response on success.

core/lib/src/local/client.rs

@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ macro_rules! pub_client_impl {
         use crate::config;
 
         let figment = rocket.figment().clone()
-            // .merge((config::Config::LOG_LEVEL, config::LogLevel::Debug))
+            .merge((config::Config::LOG_LEVEL, "debug"))
             .select(config::Config::DEBUG_PROFILE);
 
         Self::tracked(rocket.reconfigure(figment)) $(.$suffix)?

core/lib/src/request/from_param.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ use std::str::FromStr;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use crate::error::Empty;
+use crate::either::Either;
 use crate::http::uri::{Segments, error::PathError, fmt::Path};
 
 /// Trait to convert a dynamic path segment string to a concrete value.
@@ -40,29 +41,56 @@ use crate::http::uri::{Segments, error::PathError, fmt::Path};
 ///
 /// Sometimes, a forward is not desired, and instead, we simply want to know
 /// that the dynamic path segment could not be parsed into some desired type
-/// `T`. In these cases, types of `Option<T>` or `Result<T, T::Error>` can be
+/// `T`. In these cases, types of `Option<T>`, `Result<T, T::Error>`, or
-/// used. These types implement `FromParam` themselves. Their implementations
+/// `Either<A, B>` can be used, which implement `FromParam` themselves.
-/// always return successfully, so they never forward. They can be used to
-/// determine if the `FromParam` call failed and to retrieve the error value
-/// from the failed `from_param` call.
 ///
-/// For instance, imagine you've asked for an `<id>` as a `usize`. To determine
+///   * **`Option<T>`** _where_ **`T: FromParam`**
-/// when the `<id>` was not a valid `usize` and retrieve the string that failed
+///
-/// to parse, you can use a `Result<usize, &str>` type for the `<id>` parameter
+///     Always returns successfully.
-/// as follows:
+///
+///     If the conversion to `T` fails, `None` is returned. If the conversion
+///     succeeds, `Some(value)` is returned.
+///
+///   * **`Result<T, T::Error>`** _where_ **`T: FromParam`**
+///
+///     Always returns successfully.
+///
+///     If the conversion to `T` fails, `Err(error)` is returned. If the
+///     conversion succeeds, `Ok(value)` is returned.
+///
+///   * **`Either<A, B>`** _where_ **`A: FromParam`** _and_ **`B: FromParam`**
+///
+///      Fails only when both `A::from_param` and `B::from_param` fail. If one
+///      of the two succeeds, the successful value is returned in
+///      `Either::Left(A)` or `Either::Right(B)` variant, respectively. If both
+///      fail, the error values from both calls are returned in a tuple in the
+///      `Err` variant.
+///
+/// `Either<A, B>` is particularly useful with a `B` type of `&str`, allowing
+/// you to retrieve the invalid path segment. Because `&str`'s implementation of
+/// `FromParam` always succeeds, the `Right` variant of the `Either` will always
+/// contain the path segment in case of failure.
+///
+/// For instance, consider the following route and handler:
 ///
 /// ```rust
 /// # #[macro_use] extern crate rocket;
+/// use rocket::either::{Either, Left, Right};
+///
 /// #[get("/<id>")]
-/// fn hello(id: Result<usize, &str>) -> String {
+/// fn hello(id: Either<usize, &str>) -> String {
 ///     match id {
-///         Ok(id_num) => format!("usize: {}", id_num),
+///         Left(id_num) => format!("usize: {}", id_num),
-///         Err(string) => format!("Not a usize: {}", string)
+///         Right(string) => format!("Not a usize: {}", string)
 ///     }
 /// }
 /// # fn main() {  }
 /// ```
 ///
+/// In the above example, if the dynamic path segment cannot be parsed into a
+/// `usize`, the raw path segment is returned in the `Right` variant of the
+/// `Either<usize, &str>` value.
+///
 /// # Provided Implementations
 ///
 /// Rocket implements `FromParam` for several standard library types. Their
@@ -219,11 +247,11 @@ impl<'a> FromParam<'a> for String {
 macro_rules! impl_with_fromstr {
     ($($T:ty),+) => ($(
         impl<'a> FromParam<'a> for $T {
-            type Error = &'a str;
+            type Error = <$T as FromStr>::Err;
 
             #[inline(always)]
             fn from_param(param: &'a str) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
-                <$T as FromStr>::from_str(param).map_err(|_| param)
+                <$T as FromStr>::from_str(param)
             }
         }
     )+)
@@ -361,3 +389,23 @@ impl<'r, T: FromSegments<'r>> FromSegments<'r> for Option<T> {
         }
     }
 }
+
+/// Implements `FromParam` for `Either<A, B>`, where `A` and `B` both implement
+/// `FromParam`. If `A::from_param` returns `Ok(a)`, `Either::Left(a)` is
+/// returned. If `B::from_param` returns `Ok(b)`, `Either::Right(b)` is
+/// returned. If both `A::from_param` and `B::from_param` return `Err(a)` and
+/// `Err(b)`, respectively, then `Err((a, b))` is returned.
+impl<'v, A: FromParam<'v>, B: FromParam<'v>> FromParam<'v> for Either<A, B> {
+    type Error = (A::Error, B::Error);
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn from_param(param: &'v str) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        match A::from_param(param) {
+            Ok(a) => Ok(Either::Left(a)),
+            Err(a) => match B::from_param(param) {
+                Ok(b) => Ok(Either::Right(b)),
+                Err(b) => Err((a, b)),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

core/lib/src/response/responder.rs

@@ -484,7 +484,8 @@ impl<'r, 'o: 'r, R: Responder<'r, 'o>> Responder<'r, 'o> for Option<R> {
         match self {
             Some(r) => r.respond_to(req),
             None => {
-                debug!("{} responder returned `None`", std::any::type_name::<Self>());
+                let type_name = std::any::type_name::<Self>();
+                debug!(type_name, "`Option` responder returned `None`");
                 Err(Status::NotFound)
             },
         }
@@ -506,13 +507,13 @@ impl<'r, 'o: 'r, 't: 'o, 'e: 'o, T, E> Responder<'r, 'o> for Result<T, E>
 
 /// Responds with the wrapped `Responder` in `self`, whether it is `Left` or
 /// `Right`.
-impl<'r, 'o: 'r, 't: 'o, 'e: 'o, T, E> Responder<'r, 'o> for crate::Either<T, E>
+impl<'r, 'o: 'r, 't: 'o, 'e: 'o, T, E> Responder<'r, 'o> for either::Either<T, E>
     where T: Responder<'r, 't>, E: Responder<'r, 'e>
 {
     fn respond_to(self, req: &'r Request<'_>) -> response::Result<'o> {
         match self {
-            crate::Either::Left(r) => r.respond_to(req),
+            either::Either::Left(r) => r.respond_to(req),
-            crate::Either::Right(r) => r.respond_to(req),
+            either::Either::Right(r) => r.respond_to(req),
         }
     }
 }

core/lib/src/rocket.rs

@@ -185,16 +185,9 @@ impl Rocket<Build> {
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
     pub fn custom<T: Provider>(provider: T) -> Self {
-        // We initialize the logger here so that logging from fairings and so on
+        Rocket::<Build>(Building::default())
-        // are visible; we use the final config to set a max log-level in ignite
+            .reconfigure(provider)
-        crate::trace::init(None);
+            .attach(Shield::default())
-
-        let rocket: Rocket<Build> = Rocket(Building {
-            figment: Figment::from(provider),
-            ..Default::default()
-        });
-
-        rocket.attach(Shield::default())
     }
 
     /// Overrides the current configuration provider with `provider`.
@@ -237,7 +230,12 @@ impl Rocket<Build> {
     /// ```
     #[must_use]
     pub fn reconfigure<T: Provider>(mut self, provider: T) -> Self {
+        // We initialize the logger here so that logging from fairings and so on
+        // are visible; we use the final config to set a max log-level in ignite
         self.figment = Figment::from(provider);
+        crate::trace::init(Config::try_from(&self.figment).ok().as_ref());
+        span_trace!("reconfigure" => self.figment().trace_trace());
+
         self
     }
 
@@ -566,14 +564,14 @@ impl Rocket<Build> {
         // Log everything we know: config, routes, catchers, fairings.
         // TODO: Store/print managed state type names?
         let fairings = self.fairings.unique_set();
-        info_span!("config" [profile = %self.figment().profile()] => {
+        span_info!("config", profile = %self.figment().profile() => {
             config.trace_info();
             self.figment().trace_debug();
         });
 
-        info_span!("routes" [count = self.routes.len()] => self.routes().trace_all_info());
+        span_info!("routes", count = self.routes.len() => self.routes().trace_all_info());
-        info_span!("catchers" [count = self.catchers.len()] => self.catchers().trace_all_info());
+        span_info!("catchers", count = self.catchers.len() => self.catchers().trace_all_info());
-        info_span!("fairings" [count = fairings.len()] => fairings.trace_all_info());
+        span_info!("fairings", count = fairings.len() => fairings.trace_all_info());
 
         // Ignite the rocket.
         let rocket: Rocket<Ignite> = Rocket(Igniting {
@@ -592,19 +590,6 @@ impl Rocket<Build> {
     }
 }
 
-#[tracing::instrument(name = "items", skip_all, fields(kind = kind))]
-fn log_items<T, I, B, O>(kind: &str, items: I, base: B, origin: O)
-    where T: fmt::Display + Copy, I: Iterator<Item = T>,
-          B: Fn(&T) -> &Origin<'_>, O: Fn(&T) -> &Origin<'_>
-{
-    let mut items: Vec<_> = items.collect();
-    items.sort_by_key(|i| origin(i).path().as_str().chars().count());
-    items.sort_by_key(|i| origin(i).path().segments().count());
-    items.sort_by_key(|i| base(i).path().as_str().chars().count());
-    items.sort_by_key(|i| base(i).path().segments().count());
-    items.iter().for_each(|item| info!(name: "item", %item));
-}
-
 impl Rocket<Ignite> {
     /// Returns the finalized, active configuration. This is guaranteed to
     /// remain stable through ignition and into orbit.

core/lib/src/route/route.rs

@@ -176,6 +176,8 @@ pub struct Route {
     pub format: Option<MediaType>,
     /// The discovered sentinels.
     pub(crate) sentinels: Vec<Sentry>,
+    /// The file, line, and column where the route was defined, if known.
+    pub(crate) location: Option<(&'static str, u32, u32)>,
 }
 
 impl Route {
@@ -250,6 +252,7 @@ impl Route {
             format: None,
             sentinels: Vec::new(),
             handler: Box::new(handler),
+            location: None,
             rank, uri, method,
         }
     }
@@ -371,6 +374,8 @@ pub struct StaticInfo {
     /// Route-derived sentinels, if any.
     /// This isn't `&'static [SentryInfo]` because `type_name()` isn't `const`.
     pub sentinels: Vec<Sentry>,
+    /// The file, line, and column where the route was defined.
+    pub location: (&'static str, u32, u32),
 }
 
 #[doc(hidden)]
@@ -386,6 +391,7 @@ impl From<StaticInfo> for Route {
             rank: info.rank.unwrap_or_else(|| uri.default_rank()),
             format: info.format,
             sentinels: info.sentinels.into_iter().collect(),
+            location: Some(info.location),
             uri,
         }
     }

core/lib/src/server.rs

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ impl Rocket<Orbit> {
             Request::from_hyp(rocket, parts, connection).unwrap_or_else(|e| e)
         });
 
-        debug_span!("request headers" => request.inner().headers().iter().trace_all_debug());
+        span_debug!("request headers" => request.inner().headers().iter().trace_all_debug());
         let mut response = request.into_response(
             stream,
             |rocket, request, data| Box::pin(rocket.preprocess(request, data)),
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ impl Rocket<Orbit> {
 
         // TODO: Should upgrades be handled in dispatch?
         response.inner().trace_info();
-        debug_span!("response headers" => response.inner().headers().iter().trace_all_debug());
+        span_debug!("response headers" => response.inner().headers().iter().trace_all_debug());
         let io_handler = response.make_io_handler(Rocket::extract_io_handler);
         if let (Some((proto, handler)), Some(upgrade)) = (io_handler, upgrade) {
             let upgrade = upgrade.map_ok(IoStream::from).map_err(io::Error::other);
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ async fn io_handler_task<S>(proto: String, stream: S, mut handler: ErasedIoHandl
         Err(e) => return warn!(error = %e, "i/o upgrade failed"),
     };
 
-    info!("i/o upgrade succeeded");
+    debug!("i/o upgrade succeeded");
     if let Err(e) = handler.take().io(stream).await {
         match e.kind() {
             io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => warn!("i/o handler closed"),

core/lib/src/shield/shield.rs

@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
 use crate::{Rocket, Request, Response, Orbit, Config};
 use crate::fairing::{Fairing, Info, Kind};
 use crate::http::{Header, uncased::UncasedStr};
-use crate::shield::*;
+use crate::shield::{Frame, Hsts, NoSniff, Permission, Policy};
-use crate::trace::*;
+use crate::trace::{Trace, TraceAll};
 
 /// A [`Fairing`] that injects browser security and privacy headers into all
 /// outgoing responses.
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ impl Fairing for Shield {
             self.force_hsts.store(true, Ordering::Release);
         }
 
-        info_span!("shield" [policies = self.policies.len()] => {
+        span_info!("shield", policies = self.policies.len() => {
             self.policies.values().trace_all_info();
 
             if force_hsts {
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ impl Fairing for Shield {
         // the header is not already in the response.
         for header in self.policies.values() {
             if response.headers().contains(header.name()) {
-                warn_span!("shield refusing to overwrite existing response header" => {
+                span_warn!("shield", "shield refusing to overwrite existing response header" => {
                     header.trace_warn();
                 });
 

core/lib/src/trace/macros.rs

@@ -1,56 +1,32 @@
-macro_rules! declare_macro {
-    ($($name:ident $level:ident),* $(,)?) => (
-        $(declare_macro!([$] $name $level);)*
-    );
-
-    ([$d:tt] $name:ident $level:ident) => (
-        #[doc(hidden)]
-        #[macro_export]
-        macro_rules! $name {
-            ($d ($t:tt)*) => ($crate::tracing::$level!($d ($t)*));
-        }
-
-        // pub use $name as $name;
-    );
-}
-
 macro_rules! declare_span_macro {
-    ($($name:ident $level:ident),* $(,)?) => (
+    ($name:ident $level:ident) => (
-        $(declare_span_macro!([$] $name $level);)*
+        declare_span_macro!([$] $name $level);
     );
 
     ([$d:tt] $name:ident $level:ident) => (
         #[doc(hidden)]
         #[macro_export]
         macro_rules! $name {
-            ($n:literal $d ([ $d ($f:tt)* ])? => $in_scope:expr) => ({
+            (@[$d ($t:tt)+] => $in_scope:expr) => ({
-                $crate::tracing::span!($crate::tracing::Level::$level, $n $d (, $d ($f)* )?)
+                $crate::tracing::span!($crate::tracing::Level::$level, $d ($t)+)
                     .in_scope(|| $in_scope);
-            })
+            });
+
+            (@[$d ($t:tt)+] $token:tt $d ($rest:tt)*) => ({
+                $crate::trace::$name!(@[$d ($t)+ $token] $d ($rest)*);
+            });
+
+            // base case
+            ($t:tt $d ($rest:tt)*) => ({
+                $crate::trace::$name!(@[$t] $d ($rest)*);
+            });
         }
 
-        #[doc(inline)]
+        #[doc(hidden)]
         pub use $name as $name;
     );
 }
 
-macro_rules! span {
-    ($level:expr, $($args:tt)*) => {{
-        match $level {
-            $crate::tracing::Level::ERROR =>
-                $crate::tracing::span!($crate::tracing::Level::ERROR, $($args)*),
-            $crate::tracing::Level::WARN =>
-                $crate::tracing::span!($crate::tracing::Level::WARN, $($args)*),
-            $crate::tracing::Level::INFO =>
-                $crate::tracing::span!($crate::tracing::Level::INFO, $($args)*),
-            $crate::tracing::Level::DEBUG =>
-                $crate::tracing::span!($crate::tracing::Level::DEBUG, $($args)*),
-            $crate::tracing::Level::TRACE =>
-                $crate::tracing::span!($crate::tracing::Level::TRACE, $($args)*),
-        }
-    }};
-}
-
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! event {
@@ -69,21 +45,64 @@ macro_rules! event {
     }};
 }
 
+// Re-exports the macro at $path with the name $name. The point is to allow
+// a `#[macro_use] extern crate rocket` to also automatically import the
+// relevant tracing macros.
+macro_rules! reexport {
+    ($path:ident::$name:ident) => (
+        reexport!([$] $path::$name);
+    );
+
+    ([ $d:tt ] $path:ident::$name:ident) => {
+        #[doc(hidden)]
+        #[macro_export]
+        macro_rules! $name {
+            ($d ($f:tt)*) => {
+                $crate::$path::$name!($d ($f)*)
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+#[doc(hidden)]
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! span {
+    ($level:expr, $($args:tt)*) => {{
+        match $level {
+            $crate::tracing::Level::ERROR =>
+                $crate::tracing::span!($crate::tracing::Level::ERROR, $($args)*),
+            $crate::tracing::Level::WARN =>
+                $crate::tracing::span!($crate::tracing::Level::WARN, $($args)*),
+            $crate::tracing::Level::INFO =>
+                $crate::tracing::span!($crate::tracing::Level::INFO, $($args)*),
+            $crate::tracing::Level::DEBUG =>
+                $crate::tracing::span!($crate::tracing::Level::DEBUG, $($args)*),
+            $crate::tracing::Level::TRACE =>
+                $crate::tracing::span!($crate::tracing::Level::TRACE, $($args)*),
+        }
+    }};
+}
+
+#[doc(inline)]
+pub use span as span;
+
+declare_span_macro!(span_error ERROR);
+declare_span_macro!(span_warn WARN);
+declare_span_macro!(span_info INFO);
+declare_span_macro!(span_debug DEBUG);
+declare_span_macro!(span_trace TRACE);
+
 #[doc(inline)]
 pub use event as event;
 
-declare_macro!(
+reexport!(tracing::error);
-    error error,
+reexport!(tracing::warn);
-    info info,
+reexport!(tracing::info);
-    trace trace,
+reexport!(tracing::debug);
-    debug debug,
+reexport!(tracing::trace);
-    warn warn
-);
 
-declare_span_macro!(
+#[doc(hidden)] pub use tracing::error;
-    error_span ERROR,
+#[doc(hidden)] pub use tracing::warn;
-    warn_span WARN,
+#[doc(hidden)] pub use tracing::info;
-    info_span INFO,
+#[doc(hidden)] pub use tracing::debug;
-    trace_span TRACE,
+#[doc(hidden)] pub use tracing::trace;
-    debug_span DEBUG,
-);

core/lib/src/trace/mod.rs

@@ -8,14 +8,18 @@ pub mod subscriber;
 
 pub(crate) mod level;
 
+#[doc(inline)]
+pub use macros::*;
+
 #[doc(inline)]
 pub use traceable::{Trace, TraceAll};
 
 #[doc(inline)]
-pub use macros::*;
+pub use tracing::{Level, level_filters::LevelFilter};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, serde::Deserialize, serde::Serialize)]
 #[serde(crate = "rocket::serde")]
+#[non_exhaustive]
 pub enum TraceFormat {
     #[serde(rename = "pretty")]
     #[serde(alias = "PRETTY")]
@@ -27,6 +31,9 @@ pub enum TraceFormat {
 
 #[cfg_attr(nightly, doc(cfg(feature = "trace")))]
 pub fn init<'a, T: Into<Option<&'a crate::Config>>>(config: T) {
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "trace"))]
+    let _ = config;
+
     #[cfg(feature = "trace")]
     crate::trace::subscriber::RocketDynFmt::init(config.into())
 }

core/lib/src/trace/subscriber/pretty.rs

@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ impl RocketFmt<Pretty> {
         MARKER.get(self.state().depth as usize).copied().unwrap_or("-- ")
     }
 
-    fn emoji(&self, emoji: &'static str) -> Painted<&'static str> {
+    fn emoji(&self, _emoji: &'static str) -> Painted<&'static str> {
         #[cfg(windows)] { "".paint(self.style).mask() }
-        #[cfg(not(windows))] { emoji.paint(self.style).mask() }
+        #[cfg(not(windows))] { _emoji.paint(self.style).mask() }
     }
 
     fn prefix<'a>(&self, meta: &'a Metadata<'_>) -> impl fmt::Display + 'a {
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ impl<S: Subscriber + for<'a> LookupSpan<'a>> Layer<S> for RocketFmt<Pretty> {
             "liftoff" => {
                 let prefix = self.prefix(meta);
                 println!("{prefix}{}{} {}", self.emoji("🚀 "),
-                    "Rocket has launched from".paint(style).primary().bold(),
+                    "Rocket has launched on".paint(style).primary().bold(),
                     &data["endpoint"].paint(style).primary().bold().underline());
             },
             "route" => println!("{}", Formatter(|f| {
@@ -98,7 +98,13 @@ impl<S: Subscriber + for<'a> LookupSpan<'a>> Layer<S> for RocketFmt<Pretty> {
                 )?;
 
                 if let Some(name) = data.get("name") {
-                    write!(f, " ({})", name.paint(style.bold().bright()))?;
+                    write!(f, " ({}", name.paint(style.bold().bright()))?;
+
+                    if let Some(location) = data.get("location") {
+                        write!(f, " {}", location.paint(style.dim()))?;
+                    }
+
+                    write!(f, ")")?;
                 }
 
                 Ok(())
@@ -113,7 +119,13 @@ impl<S: Subscriber + for<'a> LookupSpan<'a>> Layer<S> for RocketFmt<Pretty> {
 
                 write!(f, "{}", &data["uri.base"].paint(style.primary()))?;
                 if let Some(name) = data.get("name") {
-                    write!(f, " ({})", name.paint(style.bold().bright()))?;
+                    write!(f, " ({}", name.paint(style.bold().bright()))?;
+
+                    if let Some(location) = data.get("location") {
+                        write!(f, " {}", location.paint(style.dim()))?;
+                    }
+
+                    write!(f, ")")?;
                 }
 
                 Ok(())

core/lib/src/trace/traceable.rs

@@ -47,10 +47,15 @@ impl Trace for Figment {
     fn trace(&self, level: Level) {
         for param in Config::PARAMETERS {
             if let Some(source) = self.find_metadata(param) {
+                if param.contains("secret") {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
                 event! { level, "figment",
                     param,
                     %source.name,
                     source.source = source.source.as_ref().map(display),
+                    value = self.find_value(param).ok().map(debug),
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -142,6 +147,9 @@ impl Trace for Route {
             uri.base = %self.uri.base(),
             uri.unmounted = %self.uri.unmounted(),
             format = self.format.as_ref().map(display),
+            location = self.location.as_ref()
+                .map(|(file, line, _)| Formatter(move |f| write!(f, "{file}:{line}")))
+                .map(display),
         }
 
         event! { Level::DEBUG, "sentinels",
@@ -165,6 +173,9 @@ impl Trace for Catcher {
             }),
             rank = self.rank,
             uri.base = %self.base(),
+            location = self.location.as_ref()
+                .map(|(file, line, _)| Formatter(move |f| write!(f, "{file}:{line}")))
+                .map(display),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -205,17 +216,14 @@ impl Trace for figment::error::Kind {
 impl Trace for figment::Error {
     fn trace(&self, _: Level) {
         for e in self.clone() {
-            let span = tracing::error_span! {
+            span_error!("config",
-                "config",
                 key = (!e.path.is_empty()).then_some(&e.path).and_then(|path| {
                     let (profile, metadata) = (e.profile.as_ref()?, e.metadata.as_ref()?);
                     Some(metadata.interpolate(profile, path))
                 }),
                 source.name = e.metadata.as_ref().map(|m| &*m.name),
-                source.source = e.metadata.as_ref().and_then(|m| m.source.as_ref()).map(display),
+                source.source = e.metadata.as_ref().and_then(|m| m.source.as_ref()).map(display)
-            };
+                => e.kind.trace_error());
-
-            span.in_scope(|| e.kind.trace_error());
         }
     }
 }
@@ -298,7 +306,7 @@ impl Trace for ErrorKind {
                     e.trace(level);
                 } else {
                     event!(level, "error::bind",
-                        ?error,
+                        reason = %error,
                         endpoint = endpoint.as_ref().map(display),
                         "binding to network interface failed"
                     )

core/lib/tests/sentinel.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use rocket::{*, error::ErrorKind::SentinelAborts};
+use rocket::{*, either::Either, error::ErrorKind::SentinelAborts};
 
 #[get("/two")]
 fn two_states(_one: &State<u32>, _two: &State<String>) {}

examples/config/Rocket.toml

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ port = 8000
 workers = 1
 keep_alive = 0
 log_level = "info"
+log_format = "pretty"
 
 [release]
 address = "127.0.0.1"
@@ -26,6 +27,7 @@ port = 8000
 workers = 12
 keep_alive = 5
 log_level = "error"
+log_format = "compact"
 # NOTE: Don't (!) use this key! Generate your own and keep it private!
 #       e.g. via `head -c64 /dev/urandom | base64`
 secret_key = "hPRYyVRiMyxpw5sBB1XeCMN1kFsDCqKvBi2QJxBVHQk="

examples/config/src/tests.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-use rocket::config::{Config, /* LogLevel */};
+use rocket::config::Config;
+use rocket::trace::{Level, TraceFormat};
 
 async fn test_config(profile: &str) {
     let provider = Config::figment().select(profile);
@@ -8,12 +9,14 @@ async fn test_config(profile: &str) {
         "debug" => {
             assert_eq!(config.workers, 1);
             assert_eq!(config.keep_alive, 0);
-            // assert_eq!(config.log_level, LogLevel::Normal);
+            assert_eq!(config.log_level, Some(Level::INFO));
+            assert_eq!(config.log_format, TraceFormat::Pretty);
         }
         "release" => {
             assert_eq!(config.workers, 12);
             assert_eq!(config.keep_alive, 5);
-            // assert_eq!(config.log_level, LogLevel::Critical);
+            assert_eq!(config.log_level, Some(Level::ERROR));
+            assert_eq!(config.log_format, TraceFormat::Compact);
             assert!(!config.secret_key.is_zero());
         }
         _ => {

examples/fairings/src/main.rs

@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ fn rocket() -> _ {
         .attach(AdHoc::on_request("PUT Rewriter", |req, _| {
             Box::pin(async move {
                 if req.uri().path() == "/" {
-                    info_span!("PUT rewriter" => {
+                    span_info!("PUT rewriter" => {
                         req.trace_info();
                         info!("changing method to `PUT`");
                         req.set_method(Method::Put);

examples/hello/Cargo.toml

@@ -6,4 +6,4 @@ edition = "2021"
 publish = false
 
 [dependencies]
-rocket = { path = "../../core/lib", features = ["secrets"] }
+rocket = { path = "../../core/lib" }

examples/hello/src/main.rs

@@ -38,9 +38,6 @@ fn wave(name: &str, age: u8) -> String {
     format!("👋 Hello, {} year old named {}!", age, name)
 }
 
-#[get("/<a>/<b>")]
-fn f(a: usize, b: usize) { }
-
 // Note: without the `..` in `opt..`, we'd need to pass `opt.emoji`, `opt.name`.
 //
 // Try visiting:
@@ -54,7 +51,7 @@ fn f(a: usize, b: usize) { }
 //   http://127.0.0.1:8000/?name=Rocketeer&lang=en&emoji
 //   http://127.0.0.1:8000/?lang=ru&emoji&name=Rocketeer
 #[get("/?<lang>&<opt..>")]
-async fn hello(lang: Option<Lang>, opt: Options<'_>) -> String {
+fn hello(lang: Option<Lang>, opt: Options<'_>) -> String {
     let mut greeting = String::new();
     if opt.emoji {
         greeting.push_str("👋 ");

examples/responders/src/main.rs

@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ fn not_found(request: &Request<'_>) -> content::RawHtml<String> {
 
 /******************************* `Either` Responder ***************************/
 
-use rocket::Either;
+use rocket::either::Either;
 use rocket::response::content::{RawJson, RawMsgPack};
 use rocket::http::uncased::AsUncased;
 

examples/tls/src/redirector.rs

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ impl Redirector {
     pub async fn try_launch(self, config: Config) -> Result<Rocket<Ignite>, Error> {
         use rocket::http::Method::*;
 
-        rocket::info_span!("HTTP -> HTTPS Redirector" => {
+        rocket::span_info!("HTTP -> HTTPS Redirector" => {
             info!(from =  self.0, to = config.tls_addr.port(),  "redirecting");
         });
 
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ impl Fairing for Redirector {
 
     async fn on_liftoff(&self, rocket: &Rocket<Orbit>) {
         let Some(tls_addr) = rocket.endpoints().find_map(|e| e.tls()?.tcp()) else {
-            rocket::warn_span!("HTTP -> HTTPS Redirector" => {
+            rocket::span_warn!("HTTP -> HTTPS Redirector" => {
                 warn!("Main instance is not being served over TLS/TCP.\n\
                     Redirector refusing to start.");
             });
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ impl Fairing for Redirector {
         let shutdown = rocket.shutdown();
         rocket::tokio::spawn(async move {
             if let Err(e) = this.try_launch(config).await {
-                error_span!("failed to start HTTP -> HTTPS redirector" => {
+                span_error!("HTTP -> HTTPS Redirector", "failed to start" => {
                     e.trace_error();
                     info!("shutting down main instance");
                 });

testbench/Cargo.toml

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ procspawn = "1"
 pretty_assertions = "1.4.0"
 ipc-channel = "0.18"
 rustls-pemfile = "2.1"
+inventory = "0.3.15"
 
 [dependencies.nix]
 version = "0.28"

testbench/src/client.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-use std::time::Duration;
+use std::{str::FromStr, time::Duration};
 
 use reqwest::blocking::{ClientBuilder, RequestBuilder};
-use rocket::http::{ext::IntoOwned, uri::{Absolute, Uri}};
+use rocket::http::{ext::IntoOwned, uri::{Absolute, Uri}, Method};
 
 use crate::{Result, Error, Server};
 
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ impl Client {
             .connect_timeout(Duration::from_secs(5))
     }
 
-    pub fn get(&self, server: &Server, url: &str) -> Result<RequestBuilder> {
+    pub fn request(&self, server: &Server, method: Method, url: &str) -> Result<RequestBuilder> {
         let uri = match Uri::parse_any(url).map_err(|e| e.into_owned())? {
             Uri::Origin(uri) => {
                 let proto = if server.tls { "https" } else { "http" };
@@ -45,7 +45,16 @@ impl Client {
             uri => return Err(Error::InvalidUri(uri.into_owned())),
         };
 
-        Ok(self.client.get(uri.to_string()))
+        let method = reqwest::Method::from_str(method.as_str()).unwrap();
+        Ok(self.client.request(method, uri.to_string()))
+    }
+
+    pub fn get(&self, server: &Server, url: &str) -> Result<RequestBuilder> {
+        self.request(server, Method::Get, url)
+    }
+
+    pub fn post(&self, server: &Server, url: &str) -> Result<RequestBuilder> {
+        self.request(server, Method::Post, url)
     }
 }
 

testbench/src/config.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+use rocket::{Build, Rocket};
+
+use testbench::{Result, Error};
+
+pub static DEFAULT_CONFIG: &str = r#"
+    [default]
+    address = "tcp:127.0.0.1"
+    workers = 2
+    port = 0
+    cli_colors = false
+    log_level = "debug"
+    secret_key = "itlYmFR2vYKrOmFhupMIn/hyB6lYCCTXz4yaQX89XVg="
+
+    [default.shutdown]
+    grace = 1
+    mercy = 1
+"#;
+
+pub static TLS_CONFIG: &str = r#"
+    [default.tls]
+    certs = "{ROCKET}/examples/tls/private/rsa_sha256_cert.pem"
+    key = "{ROCKET}/examples/tls/private/rsa_sha256_key.pem"
+"#;
+
+pub trait RocketExt {
+    fn default() -> Self;
+    fn tls_default() -> Self;
+    fn reconfigure_with_toml(self, toml: &str) -> Self;
+}
+
+impl RocketExt for Rocket<Build> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        rocket::build().reconfigure_with_toml(DEFAULT_CONFIG)
+    }
+
+    fn tls_default() -> Self {
+        rocket::build()
+            .reconfigure_with_toml(DEFAULT_CONFIG)
+            .reconfigure_with_toml(TLS_CONFIG)
+    }
+
+    fn reconfigure_with_toml(self, toml: &str) -> Self {
+        use rocket::figment::{Figment, providers::{Format, Toml}};
+
+        let toml = toml.replace("{ROCKET}", rocket::fs::relative!("../"));
+        let config = Figment::from(self.figment())
+            .merge(Toml::string(&toml).nested());
+
+        self.reconfigure(config)
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn read(path: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let path = path.replace("{ROCKET}", rocket::fs::relative!("../"));
+    Ok(std::fs::read(path)?)
+}
+
+pub fn cert(path: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let mut data = std::io::Cursor::new(read(path)?);
+    let cert = rustls_pemfile::certs(&mut data).last();
+    Ok(cert.ok_or(Error::MissingCertificate)??.to_vec())
+}

testbench/src/main.rs

@@ -1,480 +1,19 @@
-use std::net::{Ipv4Addr, SocketAddr};
+mod runner;
-use std::process::ExitCode;
+mod servers;
-use std::time::Duration;
+mod config;
 
-use rocket::tokio::net::TcpListener;
+pub mod prelude {
-use rocket::yansi::Paint;
+    pub use rocket::*;
-use rocket::{get, routes, Build, Rocket, State};
+    pub use rocket::fairing::*;
-use rocket::listener::{unix::UnixListener, Endpoint};
+    pub use rocket::response::stream::*;
-use rocket::tls::TlsListener;
 
-use reqwest::{tls::TlsInfo, Identity};
+    pub use testbench::{Error, Result, *};
-
+    pub use crate::register;
-use testbench::*;
+    pub use crate::config::*;
-
-static DEFAULT_CONFIG: &str = r#"
-    [default]
-    address = "tcp:127.0.0.1"
-    workers = 2
-    port = 0
-    cli_colors = false
-    secret_key = "itlYmFR2vYKrOmFhupMIn/hyB6lYCCTXz4yaQX89XVg="
-
-    [default.shutdown]
-    grace = 1
-    mercy = 1
-"#;
-
-static TLS_CONFIG: &str = r#"
-    [default.tls]
-    certs = "{ROCKET}/examples/tls/private/rsa_sha256_cert.pem"
-    key = "{ROCKET}/examples/tls/private/rsa_sha256_key.pem"
-"#;
-
-trait RocketExt {
-    fn default() -> Self;
-    fn tls_default() -> Self;
-    fn reconfigure_with_toml(self, toml: &str) -> Self;
 }
 
-impl RocketExt for Rocket<Build> {
+pub use runner::Test;
-    fn default() -> Self {
+
-        rocket::build().reconfigure_with_toml(DEFAULT_CONFIG)
+fn main() -> std::process::ExitCode {
+    runner::run()
 }
-
-    fn tls_default() -> Self {
-        rocket::build()
-            .reconfigure_with_toml(DEFAULT_CONFIG)
-            .reconfigure_with_toml(TLS_CONFIG)
-    }
-
-    fn reconfigure_with_toml(self, toml: &str) -> Self {
-        use rocket::figment::{Figment, providers::{Format, Toml}};
-
-        let toml = toml.replace("{ROCKET}", rocket::fs::relative!("../"));
-        let config = Figment::from(self.figment())
-            .merge(Toml::string(&toml).nested());
-
-        self.reconfigure(config)
-    }
-}
-
-fn read(path: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
-    let path = path.replace("{ROCKET}", rocket::fs::relative!("../"));
-    Ok(std::fs::read(path)?)
-}
-
-fn cert(path: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
-    let mut data = std::io::Cursor::new(read(path)?);
-    let cert = rustls_pemfile::certs(&mut data).last();
-    Ok(cert.ok_or(Error::MissingCertificate)??.to_vec())
-}
-
-fn run_fail() -> Result<()> {
-    use rocket::fairing::AdHoc;
-
-    let server = spawn! {
-        let fail = AdHoc::try_on_ignite("FailNow", |rocket| async { Err(rocket) });
-        Rocket::default().attach(fail)
-    };
-
-    if let Err(Error::Liftoff(stdout, _)) = server {
-        // assert!(stdout.contains("Rocket failed to launch due to failing fairings"));
-        // assert!(stdout.contains("FailNow"));
-    } else {
-        panic!("unexpected result: {server:#?}");
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn infinite() -> Result<()> {
-    use rocket::response::stream::TextStream;
-
-    let mut server = spawn! {
-        #[get("/")]
-        fn infinite() -> TextStream![&'static str] {
-            TextStream! {
-                loop {
-                    yield rocket::futures::future::pending::<&str>().await;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        Rocket::default().mount("/", routes![infinite])
-    }?;
-
-    let client = Client::default();
-    client.get(&server, "/")?.send()?;
-    server.terminate()?;
-
-    let stdout = server.read_stdout()?;
-    // assert!(stdout.contains("Rocket has launched on http"));
-    // assert!(stdout.contains("GET /"));
-    // assert!(stdout.contains("Graceful shutdown completed"));
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn tls_info() -> Result<()> {
-    #[get("/")]
-    fn hello_world(endpoint: &Endpoint) -> String {
-        format!("Hello, {endpoint}!")
-    }
-
-    let mut server = spawn! {
-        Rocket::tls_default().mount("/", routes![hello_world])
-    }?;
-
-    let client = Client::default();
-    let response = client.get(&server, "/")?.send()?;
-    let tls = response.extensions().get::<TlsInfo>().unwrap();
-    assert!(!tls.peer_certificate().unwrap().is_empty());
-    assert!(response.text()?.starts_with("Hello, https://127.0.0.1"));
-
-    server.terminate()?;
-    let stdout = server.read_stdout()?;
-    // assert!(stdout.contains("Rocket has launched on https"));
-    // assert!(stdout.contains("Graceful shutdown completed"));
-    // assert!(stdout.contains("GET /"));
-
-    let server = Server::spawn((), |(token, _)| {
-        let rocket = rocket::build()
-            .reconfigure_with_toml(TLS_CONFIG)
-            .mount("/", routes![hello_world]);
-
-        token.with_launch(rocket, |rocket| {
-            let config = rocket.figment().extract_inner("tls");
-            rocket.try_launch_on(async move {
-                let addr = SocketAddr::new(Ipv4Addr::LOCALHOST.into(), 0);
-                let listener = TcpListener::bind(addr).await?;
-                TlsListener::from(listener, config?).await
-            })
-        })
-    }).unwrap();
-
-    let client = Client::default();
-    let response = client.get(&server, "/")?.send()?;
-    let tls = response.extensions().get::<TlsInfo>().unwrap();
-    assert!(!tls.peer_certificate().unwrap().is_empty());
-    assert!(response.text()?.starts_with("Hello, https://127.0.0.1"));
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn tls_resolver() -> Result<()> {
-    use std::sync::Arc;
-    use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
-    use rocket::tls::{Resolver, TlsConfig, ClientHello, ServerConfig};
-
-    struct CountingResolver {
-        config: Arc<ServerConfig>,
-        counter: Arc<AtomicUsize>,
-    }
-
-    #[rocket::async_trait]
-    impl Resolver for CountingResolver {
-        async fn init(rocket: &Rocket<Build>) -> rocket::tls::Result<Self> {
-            let config: TlsConfig = rocket.figment().extract_inner("tls")?;
-            let config = Arc::new(config.server_config().await?);
-            let counter = rocket.state::<Arc<AtomicUsize>>().unwrap().clone();
-            Ok(Self { config, counter })
-        }
-
-        async fn resolve(&self, _: ClientHello<'_>) -> Option<Arc<ServerConfig>> {
-            self.counter.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Release);
-            Some(self.config.clone())
-        }
-    }
-
-    let server = spawn! {
-        #[get("/count")]
-        fn count(counter: &State<Arc<AtomicUsize>>) -> String {
-            counter.load(Ordering::Acquire).to_string()
-        }
-
-        let counter = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
-        Rocket::tls_default()
-            .manage(counter)
-            .mount("/", routes![count])
-            .attach(CountingResolver::fairing())
-    }?;
-
-    let client = Client::default();
-    let response = client.get(&server, "/count")?.send()?;
-    assert_eq!(response.text()?, "1");
-
-    // Use a new client so we get a new TLS session.
-    let client = Client::default();
-    let response = client.get(&server, "/count")?.send()?;
-    assert_eq!(response.text()?, "2");
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn test_mtls(mandatory: bool) -> Result<()> {
-    let server = spawn!(mandatory: bool => {
-        let mtls_config = format!(r#"
-            [default.tls.mutual]
-            ca_certs = "{{ROCKET}}/examples/tls/private/ca_cert.pem"
-            mandatory = {mandatory}
-        "#);
-
-        #[get("/")]
-        fn hello(cert: rocket::mtls::Certificate<'_>) -> String {
-            format!("{}:{}[{}] {}", cert.serial(), cert.version(), cert.issuer(), cert.subject())
-        }
-
-        #[get("/", rank = 2)]
-        fn hi() -> &'static str {
-            "Hello!"
-        }
-
-        Rocket::tls_default()
-            .reconfigure_with_toml(&mtls_config)
-            .mount("/", routes![hello, hi])
-    })?;
-
-    let pem = read("{ROCKET}/examples/tls/private/client.pem")?;
-    let client: Client = Client::build()
-        .identity(Identity::from_pem(&pem)?)
-        .try_into()?;
-
-    let response = client.get(&server, "/")?.send()?;
-    assert_eq!(response.text()?,
-        "611895682361338926795452113263857440769284805738:2\
-            [C=US, ST=CA, O=Rocket CA, CN=Rocket Root CA] \
-            C=US, ST=California, L=Silicon Valley, O=Rocket, \
-            CN=Rocket TLS Example, Email=example@rocket.local");
-
-    let client = Client::default();
-    let response = client.get(&server, "/")?.send();
-    if mandatory {
-        assert!(response.unwrap_err().is_request());
-    } else {
-        assert_eq!(response?.text()?, "Hello!");
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn tls_mtls() -> Result<()> {
-    test_mtls(false)?;
-    test_mtls(true)
-}
-
-fn sni_resolver() -> Result<()> {
-    use std::sync::Arc;
-    use std::collections::HashMap;
-
-    use rocket::http::uri::Host;
-    use rocket::tls::{Resolver, TlsConfig, ClientHello, ServerConfig};
-
-    struct SniResolver {
-        default: Arc<ServerConfig>,
-        map: HashMap<Host<'static>, Arc<ServerConfig>>
-    }
-
-    #[rocket::async_trait]
-    impl Resolver for SniResolver {
-        async fn init(rocket: &Rocket<Build>) -> rocket::tls::Result<Self> {
-            let default: TlsConfig = rocket.figment().extract_inner("tls")?;
-            let sni: HashMap<Host<'_>, TlsConfig> = rocket.figment().extract_inner("tls.sni")?;
-
-            let default = Arc::new(default.server_config().await?);
-            let mut map = HashMap::new();
-            for (host, config) in sni {
-                let config = config.server_config().await?;
-                map.insert(host, Arc::new(config));
-            }
-
-            Ok(SniResolver { default, map })
-        }
-
-        async fn resolve(&self, hello: ClientHello<'_>) -> Option<Arc<ServerConfig>> {
-            if let Some(Ok(host)) = hello.server_name().map(Host::parse) {
-                if let Some(config) = self.map.get(&host) {
-                    return Some(config.clone());
-                }
-            }
-
-            Some(self.default.clone())
-        }
-    }
-
-    static SNI_TLS_CONFIG: &str = r#"
-        [default.tls]
-        certs = "{ROCKET}/examples/tls/private/rsa_sha256_cert.pem"
-        key = "{ROCKET}/examples/tls/private/rsa_sha256_key.pem"
-
-        [default.tls.sni."sni1.dev"]
-        certs = "{ROCKET}/examples/tls/private/ecdsa_nistp256_sha256_cert.pem"
-        key = "{ROCKET}/examples/tls/private/ecdsa_nistp256_sha256_key_pkcs8.pem"
-
-        [default.tls.sni."sni2.dev"]
-        certs = "{ROCKET}/examples/tls/private/ed25519_cert.pem"
-        key = "{ROCKET}/examples/tls/private/ed25519_key.pem"
-    "#;
-
-    let server = spawn! {
-        #[get("/")] fn index() { }
-
-        Rocket::default()
-            .reconfigure_with_toml(SNI_TLS_CONFIG)
-            .mount("/", routes![index])
-            .attach(SniResolver::fairing())
-    }?;
-
-    let client: Client = Client::build()
-        .resolve("unknown.dev", server.socket_addr())
-        .resolve("sni1.dev", server.socket_addr())
-        .resolve("sni2.dev", server.socket_addr())
-        .try_into()?;
-
-    let response = client.get(&server, "https://unknown.dev")?.send()?;
-    let tls = response.extensions().get::<TlsInfo>().unwrap();
-    let expected = cert("{ROCKET}/examples/tls/private/rsa_sha256_cert.pem")?;
-    assert_eq!(tls.peer_certificate().unwrap(), expected);
-
-    let response = client.get(&server, "https://sni1.dev")?.send()?;
-    let tls = response.extensions().get::<TlsInfo>().unwrap();
-    let expected = cert("{ROCKET}/examples/tls/private/ecdsa_nistp256_sha256_cert.pem")?;
-    assert_eq!(tls.peer_certificate().unwrap(), expected);
-
-    let response = client.get(&server, "https://sni2.dev")?.send()?;
-    let tls = response.extensions().get::<TlsInfo>().unwrap();
-    let expected = cert("{ROCKET}/examples/tls/private/ed25519_cert.pem")?;
-    assert_eq!(tls.peer_certificate().unwrap(), expected);
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn tcp_unix_listener_fail() -> Result<()> {
-    let server = spawn! {
-        Rocket::default().reconfigure_with_toml("[default]\naddress = 123")
-    };
-
-    if let Err(Error::Liftoff(stdout, _)) = server {
-        // assert!(stdout.contains("expected valid TCP (ip) or unix (path)"));
-        // assert!(stdout.contains("default.address"));
-    } else {
-        panic!("unexpected result: {server:#?}");
-    }
-
-    let server = Server::spawn((), |(token, _)| {
-        let rocket = Rocket::default().reconfigure_with_toml("[default]\naddress = \"unix:foo\"");
-        token.launch_with::<TcpListener>(rocket)
-    });
-
-    if let Err(Error::Liftoff(stdout, _)) = server {
-        // assert!(stdout.contains("invalid tcp endpoint: unix:foo"));
-    } else {
-        panic!("unexpected result: {server:#?}");
-    }
-
-    let server = Server::spawn((), |(token, _)| {
-        token.launch_with::<UnixListener>(Rocket::default())
-    });
-
-    if let Err(Error::Liftoff(stdout, _)) = server {
-        // assert!(stdout.contains("invalid unix endpoint: tcp:127.0.0.1:8000"));
-    } else {
-        panic!("unexpected result: {server:#?}");
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-macro_rules! tests {
-    ($($f:ident),* $(,)?) => {[
-        $(Test {
-            name: stringify!($f),
-            run: |_: ()| $f().map_err(|e| e.to_string()),
-        }),*
-    ]};
-}
-
-#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
-struct Test {
-    name: &'static str,
-    run: fn(()) -> Result<(), String>,
-}
-
-static TESTS: &[Test] = &tests![
-    run_fail, infinite, tls_info, tls_resolver, tls_mtls, sni_resolver,
-    tcp_unix_listener_fail
-];
-
-fn main() -> ExitCode {
-    procspawn::init();
-
-    let filter = std::env::args().nth(1).unwrap_or_default();
-    let filtered = TESTS.into_iter().filter(|test| test.name.contains(&filter));
-
-    println!("running {}/{} tests", filtered.clone().count(), TESTS.len());
-    let handles = filtered.map(|test| (test, std::thread::spawn(|| {
-        let name = test.name;
-        let start = std::time::SystemTime::now();
-        let mut proc = procspawn::spawn((), test.run);
-        let result = loop {
-            match proc.join_timeout(Duration::from_secs(10)) {
-                Err(e) if e.is_timeout() => {
-                    let elapsed = start.elapsed().unwrap().as_secs();
-                    println!("{name} has been running for {elapsed} seconds...");
-
-                    if elapsed >= 30 {
-                        println!("{name} timeout");
-                        break Err(e);
-                    }
-                },
-                result => break result,
-            }
-        };
-
-        match result.as_ref().map_err(|e| e.panic_info()) {
-            Ok(Ok(_)) => println!("test {name} ... {}", "ok".green()),
-            Ok(Err(e)) => println!("test {name} ... {}\n  {e}", "fail".red()),
-            Err(Some(_)) => println!("test {name} ... {}", "panic".red().underline()),
-            Err(None) => println!("test {name} ... {}", "error".magenta()),
-        }
-
-        matches!(result, Ok(Ok(())))
-    })));
-
-    let mut success = true;
-    for (_, handle) in handles {
-        success &= handle.join().unwrap_or(false);
-    }
-
-    match success {
-        true => ExitCode::SUCCESS,
-        false => {
-            println!("note: use `NOCAPTURE=1` to see test output");
-            ExitCode::FAILURE
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-// TODO: Implement an `UpdatingResolver`. Expose `SniResolver` and
-// `UpdatingResolver` in a `contrib` library or as part of `rocket`.
-//
-// struct UpdatingResolver {
-//     timestamp: AtomicU64,
-//     config: ArcSwap<ServerConfig>
-// }
-//
-// #[crate::async_trait]
-// impl Resolver for UpdatingResolver {
-//     async fn resolve(&self, _: ClientHello<'_>) -> Option<Arc<ServerConfig>> {
-//         if let Either::Left(path) = self.tls_config.certs() {
-//             let metadata = tokio::fs::metadata(&path).await.ok()?;
-//             let modtime = metadata.modified().ok()?;
-//             let timestamp = modtime.duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH).ok()?.as_secs();
-//             let old_timestamp = self.timestamp.load(Ordering::Acquire);
-//             if timestamp > old_timestamp {
-//                 let new_config = self.tls_config.to_server_config().await.ok()?;
-//                 self.server_config.store(Arc::new(new_config));
-//                 self.timestamp.store(timestamp, Ordering::Release);
-//             }
-//         }
-//
-//         Some(self.server_config.load_full())
-//     }
-// }

testbench/src/runner.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use rocket::yansi::Paint;
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+pub struct Test {
+    pub name: &'static str,
+    pub run: fn(()) -> Result<(), String>,
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! register {
+    ($f:ident $( ( $($v:ident: $a:expr),* ) )?) => {
+        ::inventory::submit!($crate::Test {
+            name: stringify!($f $(($($v = $a),*))?),
+            run: |_: ()| $f($($($a),*)?).map_err(|e| e.to_string()),
+        });
+    };
+}
+
+inventory::collect!(Test);
+
+pub fn run() -> std::process::ExitCode {
+    procspawn::init();
+
+    let filter = std::env::args().nth(1).unwrap_or_default();
+    let filtered = inventory::iter::<Test>
+        .into_iter()
+        .filter(|t| t.name.contains(&filter));
+
+    let total_tests = inventory::iter::<Test>.into_iter().count();
+    println!("running {}/{total_tests} tests", filtered.clone().count());
+    let handles = filtered.map(|test| (test, std::thread::spawn(|| {
+        let name = test.name;
+        let start = std::time::SystemTime::now();
+        let mut proc = procspawn::spawn((), test.run);
+        let result = loop {
+            match proc.join_timeout(Duration::from_secs(10)) {
+                Err(e) if e.is_timeout() => {
+                    let elapsed = start.elapsed().unwrap().as_secs();
+                    println!("{name} has been running for {elapsed} seconds...");
+
+                    if elapsed >= 30 {
+                        println!("{name} timeout");
+                        break Err(e);
+                    }
+                },
+                result => break result,
+            }
+        };
+
+        match result.as_ref().map_err(|e| e.panic_info()) {
+            Ok(Ok(_)) => println!("test {name} ... {}", "ok".green()),
+            Ok(Err(e)) => println!("test {name} ... {}\n  {e}", "fail".red()),
+            Err(Some(_)) => println!("test {name} ... {}", "panic".red().underline()),
+            Err(None) => println!("test {name} ... {}", "error".magenta()),
+        }
+
+        matches!(result, Ok(Ok(())))
+    })));
+
+    let mut success = true;
+    for (_, handle) in handles {
+        success &= handle.join().unwrap_or(false);
+    }
+
+    match success {
+        true => std::process::ExitCode::SUCCESS,
+        false => {
+            println!("note: use `NOCAPTURE=1` to see test output");
+            std::process::ExitCode::FAILURE
+        }
+    }
+}

testbench/src/servers/bind.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+use rocket::{tokio::net::TcpListener};
+
+use crate::prelude::*;
+
+#[cfg(unix)]
+fn tcp_unix_listener_fail() -> Result<()> {
+    use rocket::listener::unix::UnixListener;
+
+    let server = spawn! {
+        Rocket::default().reconfigure_with_toml("[default]\naddress = 123")
+    };
+
+    if let Err(Error::Liftoff(stdout, _)) = server {
+        assert!(stdout.contains("expected: valid TCP (ip) or unix (path)"));
+        assert!(stdout.contains("default.address"));
+    } else {
+        panic!("unexpected result: {server:#?}");
+    }
+
+    let server = Server::spawn((), |(token, _)| {
+        let rocket = Rocket::default().reconfigure_with_toml("[default]\naddress = \"unix:foo\"");
+        token.launch_with::<TcpListener>(rocket)
+    });
+
+    if let Err(Error::Liftoff(stdout, _)) = server {
+        assert!(stdout.contains("invalid tcp endpoint: unix:foo"));
+    } else {
+        panic!("unexpected result: {server:#?}");
+    }
+
+    let server = Server::spawn((), |(token, _)| {
+        token.launch_with::<UnixListener>(Rocket::default())
+    });
+
+    if let Err(Error::Liftoff(stdout, _)) = server {
+        assert!(stdout.contains("invalid unix endpoint: tcp:127.0.0.1:8000"));
+    } else {
+        panic!("unexpected result: {server:#?}");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(unix)]
+register!(tcp_unix_listener_fail);

testbench/src/servers/ignite_failure.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+use crate::prelude::*;
+
+fn test_ignite_failure() -> Result<()> {
+    let server = spawn! {
+        let fail = AdHoc::try_on_ignite("FailNow", |rocket| async { Err(rocket) });
+        Rocket::default().attach(fail)
+    };
+
+    if let Err(Error::Liftoff(stdout, _)) = server {
+        assert!(stdout.contains("ignition failure"));
+        assert!(stdout.contains("FailNow"));
+    } else {
+        panic!("unexpected result: {server:#?}");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+register!(test_ignite_failure);

testbench/src/servers/infinite_stream.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+use crate::prelude::*;
+
+#[get("/")]
+fn infinite() -> TextStream![&'static str] {
+    TextStream! {
+        loop {
+            yield rocket::futures::future::pending::<&str>().await;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn test_inifinite_streams_end() -> Result<()> {
+    let mut server = spawn! {
+        Rocket::default().mount("/", routes![infinite])
+    }?;
+
+    let client = Client::default();
+    client.get(&server, "/")?.send()?;
+    server.terminate()?;
+
+    let stdout = server.read_stdout()?;
+    assert!(stdout.contains("Rocket has launched on http"));
+    assert!(stdout.contains("GET /"));
+    assert!(stdout.contains("Graceful shutdown completed"));
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+register!(test_inifinite_streams_end);

testbench/src/servers/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+pub mod ignite_failure;
+pub mod bind;
+pub mod infinite_stream;
+pub mod tls_resolver;
+pub mod mtls;
+pub mod sni_resolver;
+pub mod tracing;
+pub mod tls;

testbench/src/servers/mtls.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+use crate::prelude::*;
+
+fn test_mtls(mandatory: bool) -> Result<()> {
+    let server = spawn!(mandatory: bool => {
+        let mtls_config = format!(r#"
+            [default.tls.mutual]
+            ca_certs = "{{ROCKET}}/examples/tls/private/ca_cert.pem"
+            mandatory = {mandatory}
+        "#);
+
+        #[get("/")]
+        fn hello(cert: rocket::mtls::Certificate<'_>) -> String {
+            format!("{}:{}[{}] {}", cert.serial(), cert.version(), cert.issuer(), cert.subject())
+        }
+
+        #[get("/", rank = 2)]
+        fn hi() -> &'static str {
+            "Hello!"
+        }
+
+        Rocket::tls_default()
+            .reconfigure_with_toml(&mtls_config)
+            .mount("/", routes![hello, hi])
+    })?;
+
+    let pem = read("{ROCKET}/examples/tls/private/client.pem")?;
+    let client: Client = Client::build()
+        .identity(reqwest::Identity::from_pem(&pem)?)
+        .try_into()?;
+
+    let response = client.get(&server, "/")?.send()?;
+    assert_eq!(response.text()?,
+        "611895682361338926795452113263857440769284805738:2\
+            [C=US, ST=CA, O=Rocket CA, CN=Rocket Root CA] \
+            C=US, ST=California, L=Silicon Valley, O=Rocket, \
+            CN=Rocket TLS Example, Email=example@rocket.local");
+
+    let client = Client::default();
+    let response = client.get(&server, "/")?.send();
+    if mandatory {
+        assert!(response.unwrap_err().is_request());
+    } else {
+        assert_eq!(response?.text()?, "Hello!");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+register!(test_mtls(mandatory: true));
+register!(test_mtls(mandatory: false));

testbench/src/servers/sni_resolver.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::sync::atomic::{Ordering, AtomicUsize};
+
+use rocket::http::uri::Host;
+use rocket::tls::{Resolver, TlsConfig, ClientHello, ServerConfig};
+use reqwest::tls::TlsInfo;
+
+use crate::prelude::*;
+
+static SNI_TLS_CONFIG: &str = r#"
+    [default.tls]
+    certs = "{ROCKET}/examples/tls/private/rsa_sha256_cert.pem"
+    key = "{ROCKET}/examples/tls/private/rsa_sha256_key.pem"
+
+    [default.tls.sni."sni1.dev"]
+    certs = "{ROCKET}/examples/tls/private/ecdsa_nistp256_sha256_cert.pem"
+    key = "{ROCKET}/examples/tls/private/ecdsa_nistp256_sha256_key_pkcs8.pem"
+
+    [default.tls.sni."sni2.dev"]
+    certs = "{ROCKET}/examples/tls/private/ed25519_cert.pem"
+    key = "{ROCKET}/examples/tls/private/ed25519_key.pem"
+"#;
+
+struct SniResolver {
+    default: Arc<ServerConfig>,
+    map: HashMap<Host<'static>, Arc<ServerConfig>>
+}
+
+#[rocket::async_trait]
+impl Resolver for SniResolver {
+    async fn init(rocket: &Rocket<Build>) -> rocket::tls::Result<Self> {
+        let default: TlsConfig = rocket.figment().extract_inner("tls")?;
+        let sni: HashMap<Host<'_>, TlsConfig> = rocket.figment().extract_inner("tls.sni")?;
+
+        let default = Arc::new(default.server_config().await?);
+        let mut map = HashMap::new();
+        for (host, config) in sni {
+            let config = config.server_config().await?;
+            map.insert(host, Arc::new(config));
+        }
+
+        Ok(SniResolver { default, map })
+    }
+
+    async fn resolve(&self, hello: ClientHello<'_>) -> Option<Arc<ServerConfig>> {
+        if let Some(Ok(host)) = hello.server_name().map(Host::parse) {
+            if let Some(config) = self.map.get(&host) {
+                return Some(config.clone());
+            }
+        }
+
+        Some(self.default.clone())
+    }
+}
+
+fn sni_resolver() -> Result<()> {
+    let server = spawn! {
+        #[get("/")] fn index() { }
+
+        Rocket::default()
+            .reconfigure_with_toml(SNI_TLS_CONFIG)
+            .mount("/", routes![index])
+            .attach(SniResolver::fairing())
+    }?;
+
+    let client: Client = Client::build()
+        .resolve("unknown.dev", server.socket_addr())
+        .resolve("sni1.dev", server.socket_addr())
+        .resolve("sni2.dev", server.socket_addr())
+        .try_into()?;
+
+    let response = client.get(&server, "https://unknown.dev")?.send()?;
+    let tls = response.extensions().get::<TlsInfo>().unwrap();
+    let expected = cert("{ROCKET}/examples/tls/private/rsa_sha256_cert.pem")?;
+    assert_eq!(tls.peer_certificate().unwrap(), expected);
+
+    let response = client.get(&server, "https://sni1.dev")?.send()?;
+    let tls = response.extensions().get::<TlsInfo>().unwrap();
+    let expected = cert("{ROCKET}/examples/tls/private/ecdsa_nistp256_sha256_cert.pem")?;
+    assert_eq!(tls.peer_certificate().unwrap(), expected);
+
+    let response = client.get(&server, "https://sni2.dev")?.send()?;
+    let tls = response.extensions().get::<TlsInfo>().unwrap();
+    let expected = cert("{ROCKET}/examples/tls/private/ed25519_cert.pem")?;
+    assert_eq!(tls.peer_certificate().unwrap(), expected);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+struct CountingResolver {
+    config: Arc<ServerConfig>,
+    counter: Arc<AtomicUsize>,
+}
+
+#[rocket::async_trait]
+impl Resolver for CountingResolver {
+    async fn init(rocket: &Rocket<Build>) -> rocket::tls::Result<Self> {
+        let config: TlsConfig = rocket.figment().extract_inner("tls")?;
+        let config = Arc::new(config.server_config().await?);
+        let counter = rocket.state::<Arc<AtomicUsize>>().unwrap().clone();
+        Ok(Self { config, counter })
+    }
+
+    async fn resolve(&self, _: ClientHello<'_>) -> Option<Arc<ServerConfig>> {
+        self.counter.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Release);
+        Some(self.config.clone())
+    }
+}
+
+#[get("/count")]
+fn count(counter: &State<Arc<AtomicUsize>>) -> String {
+    counter.load(Ordering::Acquire).to_string()
+}
+
+fn counting_resolver() -> Result<()> {
+    let server = spawn! {
+        let counter = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
+        Rocket::tls_default()
+            .manage(counter)
+            .mount("/", routes![count])
+            .attach(CountingResolver::fairing())
+    }?;
+
+    let client = Client::default();
+    let response = client.get(&server, "/count")?.send()?;
+    assert_eq!(response.text()?, "1");
+
+    // Use a new client so we get a new TLS session.
+    let client = Client::default();
+    let response = client.get(&server, "/count")?.send()?;
+    assert_eq!(response.text()?, "2");
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+register!(counting_resolver);
+register!(sni_resolver);

testbench/src/servers/tls.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+use crate::prelude::*;
+
+use std::net::{Ipv4Addr, SocketAddr};
+
+use rocket::tokio::net::TcpListener;
+use rocket::{get, routes, Rocket};
+use rocket::listener::Endpoint;
+use rocket::tls::TlsListener;
+
+use reqwest::tls::TlsInfo;
+
+#[get("/")]
+fn hello_world(endpoint: &Endpoint) -> String {
+    format!("Hello, {endpoint}!")
+}
+
+fn test_tls_works() -> Result<()> {
+    let mut server = spawn! {
+        Rocket::tls_default().mount("/", routes![hello_world])
+    }?;
+
+    let client = Client::default();
+    let response = client.get(&server, "/")?.send()?;
+    let tls = response.extensions().get::<TlsInfo>().unwrap();
+    assert!(!tls.peer_certificate().unwrap().is_empty());
+    assert!(response.text()?.starts_with("Hello, https://127.0.0.1"));
+
+    server.terminate()?;
+    let stdout = server.read_stdout()?;
+    assert!(stdout.contains("Rocket has launched on https"));
+    assert!(stdout.contains("Graceful shutdown completed"));
+    assert!(stdout.contains("GET /"));
+
+    let server = Server::spawn((), |(token, _)| {
+        let rocket = rocket::build()
+            .reconfigure_with_toml(TLS_CONFIG)
+            .mount("/", routes![hello_world]);
+
+        token.with_launch(rocket, |rocket| {
+            let config = rocket.figment().extract_inner("tls");
+            rocket.try_launch_on(async move {
+                let addr = SocketAddr::new(Ipv4Addr::LOCALHOST.into(), 0);
+                let listener = TcpListener::bind(addr).await?;
+                TlsListener::from(listener, config?).await
+            })
+        })
+    }).unwrap();
+
+    let client = Client::default();
+    let response = client.get(&server, "/")?.send()?;
+    let tls = response.extensions().get::<TlsInfo>().unwrap();
+    assert!(!tls.peer_certificate().unwrap().is_empty());
+    assert!(response.text()?.starts_with("Hello, https://127.0.0.1"));
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+register!(test_tls_works);

testbench/src/servers/tls_resolver.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+use crate::prelude::*;
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+
+use rocket::tls::{ClientHello, Resolver, ServerConfig, TlsConfig};
+
+struct CountingResolver {
+    config: Arc<ServerConfig>,
+    counter: Arc<AtomicUsize>,
+}
+
+#[rocket::async_trait]
+impl Resolver for CountingResolver {
+    async fn init(rocket: &Rocket<Build>) -> rocket::tls::Result<Self> {
+        let config: TlsConfig = rocket.figment().extract_inner("tls")?;
+        let config = Arc::new(config.server_config().await?);
+        let counter = rocket.state::<Arc<AtomicUsize>>().unwrap().clone();
+        Ok(Self { config, counter })
+    }
+
+    async fn resolve(&self, _: ClientHello<'_>) -> Option<Arc<ServerConfig>> {
+        self.counter.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Release);
+        Some(self.config.clone())
+    }
+}
+
+#[get("/count")]
+fn count(counter: &State<Arc<AtomicUsize>>) -> String {
+    counter.load(Ordering::Acquire).to_string()
+}
+
+fn test_tls_resolver() -> Result<()> {
+    let server = spawn! {
+        let counter = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
+        Rocket::tls_default()
+            .manage(counter)
+            .mount("/", routes![count])
+            .attach(CountingResolver::fairing())
+    }?;
+
+    let client = Client::default();
+    let response = client.get(&server, "/count")?.send()?;
+    assert_eq!(response.text()?, "1");
+
+    // Use a new client so we get a new TLS session.
+    let client = Client::default();
+    let response = client.get(&server, "/count")?.send()?;
+    assert_eq!(response.text()?, "2");
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+register!(test_tls_resolver);
+
+// TODO: Implement an `UpdatingResolver`. Expose `SniResolver` and
+// `UpdatingResolver` in a `contrib` library or as part of `rocket`.
+//
+// struct UpdatingResolver {
+//     timestamp: AtomicU64,
+//     config: ArcSwap<ServerConfig>
+// }
+//
+// #[crate::async_trait]
+// impl Resolver for UpdatingResolver {
+//     async fn resolve(&self, _: ClientHello<'_>) -> Option<Arc<ServerConfig>> {
+//         if let Either::Left(path) = self.tls_config.certs() {
+//             let metadata = tokio::fs::metadata(&path).await.ok()?;
+//             let modtime = metadata.modified().ok()?;
+//             let timestamp = modtime.duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH).ok()?.as_secs();
+//             let old_timestamp = self.timestamp.load(Ordering::Acquire);
+//             if timestamp > old_timestamp {
+//                 let new_config = self.tls_config.to_server_config().await.ok()?;
+//                 self.server_config.store(Arc::new(new_config));
+//                 self.timestamp.store(timestamp, Ordering::Release);
+//             }
+//         }
+//
+//         Some(self.server_config.load_full())
+//     }
+// }

testbench/src/servers/tracing.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+//! Check that guard failures result in trace with `Display` message for guard
+//! types that implement `Display` and otherwise uses `Debug`.
+
+use std::fmt;
+
+use rocket::http::Status;
+use rocket::data::{self, FromData};
+use rocket::http::uri::{Segments, fmt::Path};
+use rocket::request::{self, FromParam, FromRequest, FromSegments};
+
+use crate::prelude::*;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct UseDisplay(&'static str);
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct UseDebug;
+
+impl fmt::Display for UseDisplay {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "this is the display impl: {}", self.0)
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromParam<'_> for UseDisplay {
+    type Error = Self;
+    fn from_param(_: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> { Err(Self("param")) }
+}
+
+impl FromParam<'_> for UseDebug {
+    type Error = Self;
+    fn from_param(_: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> { Err(Self) }
+}
+
+#[rocket::async_trait]
+impl<'r> FromRequest<'r> for UseDisplay {
+    type Error = Self;
+    async fn from_request(_: &'r Request<'_>) -> request::Outcome<Self, Self::Error> {
+        request::Outcome::Error((Status::InternalServerError, Self("req")))
+    }
+}
+
+#[rocket::async_trait]
+impl<'r> FromRequest<'r> for UseDebug {
+    type Error = Self;
+    async fn from_request(_: &'r Request<'_>) -> request::Outcome<Self, Self::Error> {
+        request::Outcome::Error((Status::InternalServerError, Self))
+    }
+}
+
+#[rocket::async_trait]
+impl<'r> FromData<'r> for UseDisplay {
+    type Error = Self;
+    async fn from_data(_: &'r Request<'_>, _: Data<'r>) -> data::Outcome<'r, Self> {
+        data::Outcome::Error((Status::InternalServerError, Self("data")))
+    }
+}
+
+#[rocket::async_trait]
+impl<'r> FromData<'r> for UseDebug {
+    type Error = Self;
+    async fn from_data(_: &'r Request<'_>, _: Data<'r>) -> data::Outcome<'r, Self> {
+        data::Outcome::Error((Status::InternalServerError, Self))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'r> FromSegments<'r> for UseDisplay {
+    type Error = Self;
+    fn from_segments(_: Segments<'r, Path>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> { Err(Self("segment")) }
+}
+
+impl<'r> FromSegments<'r> for UseDebug {
+    type Error = Self;
+    fn from_segments(_: Segments<'r, Path>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> { Err(Self) }
+}
+
+pub fn test_display_guard_err() -> Result<()> {
+    #[get("/<_v>", rank = 1)] fn a(_v: UseDisplay) {}
+    #[get("/<_v..>", rank = 2)] fn b(_v: UseDisplay) {}
+    #[get("/<_..>", rank = 3)] fn d(_v: UseDisplay) {}
+    #[post("/<_..>", data = "<_v>")] fn c(_v: UseDisplay) {}
+
+    let mut server = spawn! {
+        Rocket::default().mount("/", routes![a, b, c, d])
+    }?;
+
+    let client = Client::default();
+    client.get(&server, "/foo")?.send()?;
+    client.post(&server, "/foo")?.send()?;
+    server.terminate()?;
+
+    let stdout = server.read_stdout()?;
+    assert!(stdout.contains("this is the display impl: param"));
+    assert!(stdout.contains("this is the display impl: req"));
+    assert!(stdout.contains("this is the display impl: segment"));
+    assert!(stdout.contains("this is the display impl: data"));
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn test_debug_guard_err() -> Result<()> {
+    #[get("/<_v>", rank = 1)] fn a(_v: UseDebug) {}
+    #[get("/<_v..>", rank = 2)] fn b(_v: UseDebug) {}
+    #[get("/<_..>", rank = 3)] fn d(_v: UseDebug) {}
+    #[post("/<_..>", data = "<_v>")] fn c(_v: UseDebug) {}
+
+    let mut server = spawn! {
+        Rocket::default().mount("/", routes![a, b, c, d])
+    }?;
+
+    let client = Client::default();
+    client.get(&server, "/foo")?.send()?;
+    client.post(&server, "/foo")?.send()?;
+    server.terminate()?;
+
+    let stdout = server.read_stdout()?;
+    assert!(!stdout.contains("this is the display impl"));
+    assert!(stdout.contains("UseDebug"));
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+register!(test_display_guard_err);
+register!(test_debug_guard_err);