Rocket/core/lib/src/outcome.rs

716 lines
23 KiB
Rust

//! Success, failure, and forward handling.
//!
//! The `Outcome<S, E, F>` type is similar to the standard library's `Result<S,
//! E>` type. It is an enum with three variants, each containing a value:
//! `Success(S)`, which represents a successful outcome, `Failure(E)`, which
//! represents a failing outcome, and `Forward(F)`, which represents neither a
//! success or failure, but instead, indicates that processing could not be
//! handled and should instead be _forwarded_ to whatever can handle the
//! processing next.
//!
//! The `Outcome` type is the return type of many of the core Rocket traits,
//! including [`FromRequest`](crate::request::FromRequest), [`FromData`]
//! [`Responder`]. It is also the return type of request handlers via the
//! [`Response`](crate::response::Response) type.
//!
//! [`FromData`]: crate::data::FromData
//! [`Responder`]: crate::response::Responder
//!
//! # Success
//!
//! A successful `Outcome<S, E, F>`, `Success(S)`, is returned from functions
//! that complete successfully. The meaning of a `Success` outcome depends on
//! the context. For instance, the `Outcome` of the `from_data` method of the
//! [`FromData`] trait will be matched against the type expected by
//! the user. For example, consider the following handler:
//!
//! ```rust
//! # use rocket::post;
//! # type S = rocket::data::Data;
//! #[post("/", data = "<my_val>")]
//! fn hello(my_val: S) { /* ... */ }
//! ```
//!
//! The [`FromData`] implementation for the type `S` returns an `Outcome` with a
//! `Success(S)`. If `from_data` returns a `Success`, the `Success` value will
//! be unwrapped and the value will be used as the value of `my_val`.
//!
//! # Failure
//!
//! A failure `Outcome<S, E, F>`, `Failure(E)`, is returned when a function
//! fails with some error and no processing can or should continue as a result.
//! The meaning of a failure depends on the context.
//!
//! In Rocket, a `Failure` generally means that a request is taken out of normal
//! processing. The request is then given to the catcher corresponding to some
//! status code. Users can catch failures by requesting a type of `Result<S, E>`
//! or `Option<S>` in request handlers. For example, if a user's handler looks
//! like:
//!
//! ```rust
//! # use rocket::post;
//! # type S = rocket::data::Data;
//! # type E = std::convert::Infallible;
//! #[post("/", data = "<my_val>")]
//! fn hello(my_val: Result<S, E>) { /* ... */ }
//! ```
//!
//! The [`FromData`] implementation for the type `S` returns an `Outcome` with a
//! `Success(S)` and `Failure(E)`. If `from_data` returns a `Failure`, the
//! `Failure` value will be unwrapped and the value will be used as the `Err`
//! value of `my_val` while a `Success` will be unwrapped and used the `Ok`
//! value.
//!
//! # Forward
//!
//! A forward `Outcome<S, E, F>`, `Forward(F)`, is returned when a function
//! wants to indicate that the requested processing should be _forwarded_ to the
//! next available processor. Again, the exact meaning depends on the context.
//!
//! In Rocket, a `Forward` generally means that a request is forwarded to the
//! next available request handler. For example, consider the following request
//! handler:
//!
//! ```rust
//! # use rocket::post;
//! # type S = rocket::data::Data;
//! #[post("/", data = "<my_val>")]
//! fn hello(my_val: S) { /* ... */ }
//! ```
//!
//! The [`FromData`] implementation for the type `S` returns an `Outcome` with a
//! `Success(S)`, `Failure(E)`, and `Forward(F)`. If the `Outcome` is a
//! `Forward`, the `hello` handler isn't called. Instead, the incoming request
//! is forwarded, or passed on to, the next matching route, if any. Ultimately,
//! if there are no non-forwarding routes, forwarded requests are handled by the
//! 404 catcher. Similar to `Failure`s, users can catch `Forward`s by requesting
//! a type of `Option<S>`. If an `Outcome` is a `Forward`, the `Option` will be
//! `None`.
use std::fmt;
use yansi::{Paint, Color};
use self::Outcome::*;
/// An enum representing success (`Success`), failure (`Failure`), or
/// forwarding (`Forward`).
///
/// See the [top level documentation](crate::outcome) for detailed information.
#[must_use]
#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Ord, Hash)]
pub enum Outcome<S, E, F> {
/// Contains the success value.
Success(S),
/// Contains the failure error value.
Failure(E),
/// Contains the value to forward on.
Forward(F),
}
/// Conversion trait from some type into an Outcome type.
pub trait IntoOutcome<S, E, F> {
/// The type to use when returning an `Outcome::Failure`.
type Failure: Sized;
/// The type to use when returning an `Outcome::Forward`.
type Forward: Sized;
/// Converts `self` into an `Outcome`. If `self` represents a success, an
/// `Outcome::Success` is returned. Otherwise, an `Outcome::Failure` is
/// returned with `failure` as the inner value.
fn into_outcome(self, failure: Self::Failure) -> Outcome<S, E, F>;
/// Converts `self` into an `Outcome`. If `self` represents a success, an
/// `Outcome::Success` is returned. Otherwise, an `Outcome::Forward` is
/// returned with `forward` as the inner value.
fn or_forward(self, forward: Self::Forward) -> Outcome<S, E, F>;
}
impl<S, E, F> IntoOutcome<S, E, F> for Option<S> {
type Failure = E;
type Forward = F;
#[inline]
fn into_outcome(self, failure: E) -> Outcome<S, E, F> {
match self {
Some(val) => Success(val),
None => Failure(failure)
}
}
#[inline]
fn or_forward(self, forward: F) -> Outcome<S, E, F> {
match self {
Some(val) => Success(val),
None => Forward(forward)
}
}
}
impl<S, E, F> Outcome<S, E, F> {
/// Unwraps the Outcome, yielding the contents of a Success.
///
/// # Panics
///
/// Panics if the value is not `Success`.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome;
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome::*;
/// #
/// let x: Outcome<i32, &str, usize> = Success(10);
/// assert_eq!(x.unwrap(), 10);
/// ```
#[inline]
#[track_caller]
pub fn unwrap(self) -> S {
match self {
Success(val) => val,
_ => panic!("unwrapped a non-successful outcome")
}
}
/// Unwraps the Outcome, yielding the contents of a Success.
///
/// # Panics
///
/// If the value is not `Success`, panics with the given `message`.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome;
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome::*;
/// #
/// let x: Outcome<i32, &str, usize> = Success(10);
/// assert_eq!(x.expect("success value"), 10);
/// ```
#[inline]
#[track_caller]
pub fn expect(self, message: &str) -> S {
match self {
Success(val) => val,
_ => panic!("unwrapped a non-successful outcome: {}", message)
}
}
/// Return true if this `Outcome` is a `Success`.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome;
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome::*;
/// #
/// let x: Outcome<i32, &str, usize> = Success(10);
/// assert_eq!(x.is_success(), true);
///
/// let x: Outcome<i32, &str, usize> = Failure("Hi! I'm an error.");
/// assert_eq!(x.is_success(), false);
///
/// let x: Outcome<i32, &str, usize> = Forward(25);
/// assert_eq!(x.is_success(), false);
/// ```
#[inline]
pub fn is_success(&self) -> bool {
matches!(self, Success(_))
}
/// Return true if this `Outcome` is a `Failure`.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome;
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome::*;
/// #
/// let x: Outcome<i32, &str, usize> = Success(10);
/// assert_eq!(x.is_failure(), false);
///
/// let x: Outcome<i32, &str, usize> = Failure("Hi! I'm an error.");
/// assert_eq!(x.is_failure(), true);
///
/// let x: Outcome<i32, &str, usize> = Forward(25);
/// assert_eq!(x.is_failure(), false);
/// ```
#[inline]
pub fn is_failure(&self) -> bool {
matches!(self, Failure(_))
}
/// Return true if this `Outcome` is a `Forward`.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome;
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome::*;
/// #
/// let x: Outcome<i32, &str, usize> = Success(10);
/// assert_eq!(x.is_forward(), false);
///
/// let x: Outcome<i32, &str, usize> = Failure("Hi! I'm an error.");
/// assert_eq!(x.is_forward(), false);
///
/// let x: Outcome<i32, &str, usize> = Forward(25);
/// assert_eq!(x.is_forward(), true);
/// ```
#[inline]
pub fn is_forward(&self) -> bool {
matches!(self, Forward(_))
}
/// Converts from `Outcome<S, E, F>` to `Option<S>`.
///
/// Returns the `Some` of the `Success` if this is a `Success`, otherwise
/// returns `None`. `self` is consumed, and all other values are discarded.
///
/// ```rust
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome;
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome::*;
/// #
/// let x: Outcome<i32, &str, usize> = Success(10);
/// assert_eq!(x.succeeded(), Some(10));
///
/// let x: Outcome<i32, &str, usize> = Failure("Hi! I'm an error.");
/// assert_eq!(x.succeeded(), None);
///
/// let x: Outcome<i32, &str, usize> = Forward(25);
/// assert_eq!(x.succeeded(), None);
/// ```
#[inline]
pub fn succeeded(self) -> Option<S> {
match self {
Success(val) => Some(val),
_ => None
}
}
/// Converts from `Outcome<S, E, F>` to `Option<E>`.
///
/// Returns the `Some` of the `Failure` if this is a `Failure`, otherwise
/// returns `None`. `self` is consumed, and all other values are discarded.
///
/// ```rust
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome;
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome::*;
/// #
/// let x: Outcome<i32, &str, usize> = Success(10);
/// assert_eq!(x.failed(), None);
///
/// let x: Outcome<i32, &str, usize> = Failure("Hi! I'm an error.");
/// assert_eq!(x.failed(), Some("Hi! I'm an error."));
///
/// let x: Outcome<i32, &str, usize> = Forward(25);
/// assert_eq!(x.failed(), None);
/// ```
#[inline]
pub fn failed(self) -> Option<E> {
match self {
Failure(val) => Some(val),
_ => None
}
}
/// Converts from `Outcome<S, E, F>` to `Option<F>`.
///
/// Returns the `Some` of the `Forward` if this is a `Forward`, otherwise
/// returns `None`. `self` is consumed, and all other values are discarded.
///
/// ```rust
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome;
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome::*;
/// #
/// let x: Outcome<i32, &str, usize> = Success(10);
/// assert_eq!(x.forwarded(), None);
///
/// let x: Outcome<i32, &str, usize> = Failure("Hi! I'm an error.");
/// assert_eq!(x.forwarded(), None);
///
/// let x: Outcome<i32, &str, usize> = Forward(25);
/// assert_eq!(x.forwarded(), Some(25));
/// ```
#[inline]
pub fn forwarded(self) -> Option<F> {
match self {
Forward(val) => Some(val),
_ => None
}
}
/// Returns a `Success` value as `Ok()` or `value` in `Err`. Converts from
/// `Outcome<S, E, F>` to `Result<S, T>` for a given `T`.
///
/// Returns `Ok` with the `Success` value if this is a `Success`, otherwise
/// returns an `Err` with the provided value. `self` is consumed, and all
/// other values are discarded.
///
/// ```rust
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome;
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome::*;
/// #
/// let x: Outcome<i32, &str, usize> = Success(10);
/// assert_eq!(x.success_or(false), Ok(10));
///
/// let x: Outcome<i32, &str, usize> = Failure("Hi! I'm an error.");
/// assert_eq!(x.success_or(false), Err(false));
///
/// let x: Outcome<i32, &str, usize> = Forward(25);
/// assert_eq!(x.success_or("whoops"), Err("whoops"));
/// ```
#[inline]
pub fn success_or<T>(self, value: T) -> Result<S, T> {
match self {
Success(val) => Ok(val),
_ => Err(value)
}
}
/// Returns a `Success` value as `Ok()` or `f()` in `Err`. Converts from
/// `Outcome<S, E, F>` to `Result<S, T>` for a given `T` produced from a
/// supplied function or closure.
///
/// Returns `Ok` with the `Success` value if this is a `Success`, otherwise
/// returns an `Err` with the result of calling `f`. `self` is consumed, and
/// all other values are discarded.
///
/// ```rust
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome;
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome::*;
/// #
/// let x: Outcome<i32, &str, usize> = Success(10);
/// assert_eq!(x.success_or_else(|| false), Ok(10));
///
/// let x: Outcome<i32, &str, usize> = Failure("Hi! I'm an error.");
/// assert_eq!(x.success_or_else(|| false), Err(false));
///
/// let x: Outcome<i32, &str, usize> = Forward(25);
/// assert_eq!(x.success_or_else(|| "whoops"), Err("whoops"));
/// ```
#[inline]
pub fn success_or_else<T, V: FnOnce() -> T>(self, f: V) -> Result<S, T> {
match self {
Success(val) => Ok(val),
_ => Err(f())
}
}
/// Converts from `Outcome<S, E, F>` to `Outcome<&S, &E, &F>`.
///
/// ```rust
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome;
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome::*;
/// #
/// let x: Outcome<i32, &str, usize> = Success(10);
/// assert_eq!(x.as_ref(), Success(&10));
///
/// let x: Outcome<i32, &str, usize> = Failure("Hi! I'm an error.");
/// assert_eq!(x.as_ref(), Failure(&"Hi! I'm an error."));
/// ```
#[inline]
pub fn as_ref(&self) -> Outcome<&S, &E, &F> {
match *self {
Success(ref val) => Success(val),
Failure(ref val) => Failure(val),
Forward(ref val) => Forward(val),
}
}
/// Converts from `Outcome<S, E, F>` to `Outcome<&mut S, &mut E, &mut F>`.
///
/// ```rust
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome;
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome::*;
/// #
/// let mut x: Outcome<i32, &str, usize> = Success(10);
/// if let Success(val) = x.as_mut() {
/// *val = 20;
/// }
///
/// assert_eq!(x.unwrap(), 20);
/// ```
#[inline]
pub fn as_mut(&mut self) -> Outcome<&mut S, &mut E, &mut F> {
match *self {
Success(ref mut val) => Success(val),
Failure(ref mut val) => Failure(val),
Forward(ref mut val) => Forward(val),
}
}
/// Maps the `Success` value using `f`. Maps an `Outcome<S, E, F>` to an
/// `Outcome<T, E, F>` by applying the function `f` to the value of type `S`
/// in `self` if `self` is an `Outcome::Success`.
///
/// ```rust
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome;
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome::*;
/// #
/// let x: Outcome<i32, &str, usize> = Success(10);
///
/// let mapped = x.map(|v| if v == 10 { "10" } else { "not 10" });
/// assert_eq!(mapped, Success("10"));
/// ```
#[inline]
pub fn map<T, M: FnOnce(S) -> T>(self, f: M) -> Outcome<T, E, F> {
match self {
Success(val) => Success(f(val)),
Failure(val) => Failure(val),
Forward(val) => Forward(val),
}
}
/// Maps the `Failure` value using `f`. Maps an `Outcome<S, E, F>` to an
/// `Outcome<S, T, F>` by applying the function `f` to the value of type `E`
/// in `self` if `self` is an `Outcome::Failure`.
///
/// ```rust
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome;
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome::*;
/// #
/// let x: Outcome<i32, &str, usize> = Failure("hi");
///
/// let mapped = x.map_failure(|v| if v == "hi" { 10 } else { 0 });
/// assert_eq!(mapped, Failure(10));
/// ```
#[inline]
pub fn map_failure<T, M: FnOnce(E) -> T>(self, f: M) -> Outcome<S, T, F> {
match self {
Success(val) => Success(val),
Failure(val) => Failure(f(val)),
Forward(val) => Forward(val),
}
}
/// Maps the `Forward` value using `f`. Maps an `Outcome<S, E, F>` to an
/// `Outcome<S, E, T>` by applying the function `f` to the value of type `F`
/// in `self` if `self` is an `Outcome::Forward`.
///
/// ```rust
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome;
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome::*;
/// #
/// let x: Outcome<i32, &str, usize> = Forward(5);
///
/// let mapped = x.map_forward(|v| if v == 5 { "a" } else { "b" });
/// assert_eq!(mapped, Forward("a"));
/// ```
#[inline]
pub fn map_forward<T, M: FnOnce(F) -> T>(self, f: M) -> Outcome<S, E, T> {
match self {
Success(val) => Success(val),
Failure(val) => Failure(val),
Forward(val) => Forward(f(val)),
}
}
/// Converts from `Outcome<S, E, F>` to `Outcome<T, E, F>` using `f` to map
/// `Success(S)` to `Success(T)`.
///
/// If `self` is not `Success`, `self` is returned.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome;
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome::*;
/// #
/// let x: Outcome<i32, &str, bool> = Success(10);
///
/// let mapped = x.and_then(|v| match v {
/// 10 => Success("10"),
/// 1 => Forward(false),
/// _ => Failure("30")
/// });
///
/// assert_eq!(mapped, Success("10"));
/// ```
#[inline]
pub fn and_then<T, M: FnOnce(S) -> Outcome<T, E, F>>(self, f: M) -> Outcome<T, E, F> {
match self {
Success(val) => f(val),
Failure(val) => Failure(val),
Forward(val) => Forward(val),
}
}
/// Converts from `Outcome<S, E, F>` to `Outcome<S, T, F>` using `f` to map
/// `Failure(E)` to `Failure(T)`.
///
/// If `self` is not `Failure`, `self` is returned.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome;
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome::*;
/// #
/// let x: Outcome<i32, &str, bool> = Failure("hi");
///
/// let mapped = x.failure_then(|v| match v {
/// "hi" => Failure(10),
/// "test" => Forward(false),
/// _ => Success(10)
/// });
///
/// assert_eq!(mapped, Failure(10));
/// ```
#[inline]
pub fn failure_then<T, M: FnOnce(E) -> Outcome<S, T, F>>(self, f: M) -> Outcome<S, T, F> {
match self {
Success(val) => Success(val),
Failure(val) => f(val),
Forward(val) => Forward(val),
}
}
/// Converts from `Outcome<S, E, F>` to `Outcome<S, E, T>` using `f` to map
/// `Forward(F)` to `Forward(T)`.
///
/// If `self` is not `Forward`, `self` is returned.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome;
/// # use rocket::outcome::Outcome::*;
/// #
/// let x: Outcome<i32, &str, Option<bool>> = Forward(Some(false));
///
/// let mapped = x.forward_then(|v| match v {
/// Some(true) => Success(10),
/// Some(false) => Forward(20),
/// None => Failure("10")
/// });
///
/// assert_eq!(mapped, Forward(20));
/// ```
#[inline]
pub fn forward_then<T, M: FnOnce(F) -> Outcome<S, E, T>>(self, f: M) -> Outcome<S, E, T> {
match self {
Success(val) => Success(val),
Failure(val) => Failure(val),
Forward(val) => f(val),
}
}
#[inline]
fn formatting(&self) -> (Color, &'static str) {
match *self {
Success(..) => (Color::Green, "Success"),
Failure(..) => (Color::Red, "Failure"),
Forward(..) => (Color::Yellow, "Forward"),
}
}
}
impl<'a, S: Send + 'a, E: Send + 'a, F: Send + 'a> Outcome<S, E, F> {
/// Pins a future that resolves to `self`, returning a
/// [`BoxFuture`](crate::futures::future::BoxFuture) that resolves to
/// `self`.
#[inline]
pub fn pin(self) -> futures::future::BoxFuture<'a, Self> {
Box::pin(async move { self })
}
}
crate::export! {
/// Unwraps a [`Success`](Outcome::Success) or propagates a `Forward` or
/// `Failure`.
///
/// # Syntax
///
/// The macro has the following "signature":
///
/// ```rust
/// use rocket::outcome::Outcome;
///
/// // Returns the inner `S` if `outcome` is `Outcome::Success`. Otherwise
/// // returns from the caller with `Outcome<impl From<E>, impl From<F>>`.
/// fn try_outcome<S, E, F>(outcome: Outcome<S, E, F>) -> S
/// # { unimplemented!() }
/// ```
///
/// This is just like `?` (or previously, `try!`), but for `Outcome`. In the
/// case of a `Forward` or `Failure` variant, the inner type is passed to
/// [`From`](std::convert::From), allowing for the conversion between
/// specific and more general types. The resulting forward/error is
/// immediately returned. Because of the early return, `try_outcome!` can
/// only be used in methods that return [`Outcome`].
///
/// [`Outcome`]: crate::outcome::Outcome
///
/// ## Example
///
/// ```rust,no_run
/// # #[macro_use] extern crate rocket;
/// use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
///
/// use rocket::State;
/// use rocket::request::{self, Request, FromRequest};
/// use rocket::outcome::{try_outcome, Outcome::*};
///
/// #[derive(Default)]
/// struct Atomics {
/// uncached: AtomicUsize,
/// cached: AtomicUsize,
/// }
///
/// struct Guard1;
/// struct Guard2;
///
/// #[rocket::async_trait]
/// impl<'r> FromRequest<'r> for Guard1 {
/// type Error = ();
///
/// async fn from_request(req: &'r Request<'_>) -> request::Outcome<Self, ()> {
/// // Attempt to fetch the guard, passing through any error or forward.
/// let atomics = try_outcome!(req.guard::<&State<Atomics>>().await);
/// atomics.uncached.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
/// req.local_cache(|| atomics.cached.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed));
///
/// Success(Guard1)
/// }
/// }
///
/// #[rocket::async_trait]
/// impl<'r> FromRequest<'r> for Guard2 {
/// type Error = ();
///
/// async fn from_request(req: &'r Request<'_>) -> request::Outcome<Self, ()> {
/// // Attempt to fetch the guard, passing through any error or forward.
/// let guard1: Guard1 = try_outcome!(req.guard::<Guard1>().await);
/// Success(Guard2)
/// }
/// }
/// ```
macro_rules! try_outcome {
($expr:expr $(,)?) => (match $expr {
$crate::outcome::Outcome::Success(val) => val,
$crate::outcome::Outcome::Failure(e) => {
return $crate::outcome::Outcome::Failure(::std::convert::From::from(e))
},
$crate::outcome::Outcome::Forward(f) => {
return $crate::outcome::Outcome::Forward(::std::convert::From::from(f))
},
});
}
}
impl<S, E, F> fmt::Debug for Outcome<S, E, F> {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
write!(f, "Outcome::{}", self.formatting().1)
}
}
impl<S, E, F> fmt::Display for Outcome<S, E, F> {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
let (color, string) = self.formatting();
write!(f, "{}", Paint::default(string).fg(color))
}
}